Obesity during pregnancy may be correlated with an adverse nutritional status affecting pregnancy and offspring outcomes. We examined the associations of prepregnancy body mass index and gestational ...weight gain with plasma fatty acid concentrations in mid-pregnancy. This study was embedded in a population-based prospective cohort study among 5636 women. We obtained prepregnancy body mass index and maximum weight gain during pregnancy by questionnaires. We measured concentrations of saturated fatty acid (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-6 PUFA) at a median gestational age of 20.5 (95 % range 17.1-24.9) weeks. We used multivariate linear regression models. As compared to normal weight women, obese women had higher total SFA concentrations difference: 0.10 standard deviation (SD) (95 % Confidence Interval (CI) 0, 0.19) and lower total n-3 PUFA concentrations difference: - 0.11 SD (95 % CI - 0.20, - 0.02). As compared to women with sufficient gestational weight gain, those with excessive gestational weight gain had higher SFA concentrations difference: 0.16 SD (95 % CI 0.08, 0.25), MUFA concentrations difference: 0.16 SD (95 % CI 0.08, 0.24) and n-6 PUFA concentrations difference: 0.12 SD (95 % CI 0.04, 0.21). These results were not materially affected by adjustment for maternal characteristics. Our results suggest that obesity and excessive weight gain during pregnancy are associated with an adverse fatty acids profile. Further studies are needed to assess causality and direction of the observed associations.
Objective
The associations of maternal plasma n‐3 and n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) concentrations during pregnancy with infant subcutaneous fat were examined.
Methods
In a population‐based ...prospective cohort study among 904 mothers and their infants, maternal plasma n‐3 and n‐6 PUFA concentrations were measured at midpregnancy. Body mass index, total subcutaneous fat, and central‐to‐total subcutaneous fat ratio were calculated at 1.5, 6, and 24 months.
Results
Maternal n‐3 PUFA levels were not consistently associated with infant body mass index or total subcutaneous fat. Higher maternal total n‐3 PUFA levels, and specifically eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid, were associated with higher central‐to‐total subcutaneous fat ratio at 1.5 months, whereas higher maternal total n‐3 PUFA levels were associated with lower central‐to‐total subcutaneous fat ratio at 6 months (all P values < 0.05). These associations were not present at 24 months. Maternal n‐6 PUFA levels were not consistently associated with infant subcutaneous fat. A higher n‐6/n‐3 ratio was associated with lower central‐to‐total subcutaneous fat ratio at 1.5 months only (P value < 0.05).
Conclusions
Maternal n‐3 PUFA levels during pregnancy may have transient effects on infant subcutaneous fat. Further studies are needed to assess the effects of maternal PUFA concentrations on fat mass development during early infancy.
Abstract Background and Aims Maternal polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels are associated with cord blood lipid and insulin levels. Not much is known about the influence of maternal PUFAs during ...pregnancy on long-term offspring lipid and insulin metabolism. We examined the associations of maternal plasma n-3 and n-6 PUFA levels during pregnancy with childhood lipids and insulin levels. Methods and Results In a population-based prospective cohort study among 3,230 mothers and their children, we measured maternal second trimester n-3 and n-6 PUFA plasma levels. At the median age of 6.0 years (95% range, 5.6-7.9), we measured childhood total-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin and c-peptide levels. Higher maternal total n-3 PUFA levels, and specifically DHA levels, were associated with higher childhood total-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and insulin levels (p-values <0.05), but not with LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides. Maternal total n-6 PUFA levels were not associated with childhood outcomes, but higher levels of the individual n-6 PUFAs, EDA and DGLA were associated with a lower childhood HDL-cholesterol, and higher AA levels with higher childhood total-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol levels (all p-values <0.05). A higher maternal n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio was only associated with lower childhood HDL-cholesterol and insulin levels (p-values <0.05). These associations were not explained by childhood body mass index. Conclusions Higher maternal total n-3 PUFAs and specifically DHA levels during pregnancy are associated with higher childhood total-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and insulin levels. Only individual maternal n-6 PUFAs, not total maternal n-6 PUFA levels, tended to be associated with childhood lipids and insulin levels.
Maternal polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) concentrations during pregnancy may have persistent effects on growth and adiposity in the offspring. A suboptimal maternal diet during pregnancy might lead ...to fetal cardiometabolic adaptations with persistent consequences in the offspring.
We examined the associations of maternal PUFA concentrations during pregnancy with childhood general and abdominal fat-distribution measures.
In a population-based, prospective cohort study of 4830 mothers and their children, we measured maternal second-trimester plasma n-3 (ω-3) and n-6 (ω-6) PUFA concentrations. At the median age of 6.0 y (95% range: 5.6, 7.9 y), we measured childhood body mass index (BMI), the fat mass percentage, and the android:gynoid fat ratio with the use of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and measured the preperitoneal abdominal fat area with the use of ultrasound. Analyses were adjusted for maternal and childhood sociodemographic- and lifestyle-related characteristics.
We observed that higher maternal total n-3 PUFA concentrations, and specifically those of eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid, were associated with a lower childhood total-body fat percentage and a lower android:gynoid fat mass ratio (P< 0.05) but not with childhood BMI and the abdominal preperitoneal fat mass area. Higher maternal total n-6 PUFA concentrations, and specifically those of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, were associated with a higher childhood total-body fat percentage, android:gynoid fat mass ratio, and abdominal preperitoneal fat mass area (P< 0.05) but not with childhood BMI. In line with these findings, a higher maternal n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio was associated with higher childhood total-body and abdominal fat mass.
Lower maternal n-3 PUFA concentrations and higher n-6 PUFA concentrations during pregnancy are associated with higher body fat and abdominal fat in childhood. Additional studies are needed to replicate these observations and to explore the causality, the underlying pathways, and the long-term cardiometabolic consequences.
Background: Maternal polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) concentrations during pregnancy may have persistent effects on growth and adiposity in the offspring. A suboptimal maternal diet during ...pregnancy might lead to fetal cardiometabolic adaptations with persistent consequences in the offspring.
Objective: We examined the associations of maternal PUFA concentrations during pregnancy with childhood general and abdominal fat–distribution measures.
Design: In a population-based, prospective cohort study of 4830 mothers and their children, we measured maternal second-trimester plasma n–3 (ω-3) and n–6 (ω-6) PUFA concentrations. At the median age of 6.0 y (95% range: 5.6, 7.9 y), we measured childhood body mass index (BMI), the fat mass percentage, and the android:gynoid fat ratio with the use of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and measured the preperitoneal abdominal fat area with the use of ultrasound. Analyses were adjusted for maternal and childhood sociodemographic- and lifestyle-related characteristics.
Results: We observed that higher maternal total n–3 PUFA concentrations, and specifically those of eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid, were associated with a lower childhood total-body fat percentage and a lower android:gynoid fat mass ratio (P < 0.05) but not with childhood BMI and the abdominal preperitoneal fat mass area. Higher maternal total n–6 PUFA concentrations, and specifically those of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, were associated with a higher childhood total-body fat percentage, android:gynoid fat mass ratio, and abdominal preperitoneal fat mass area (P < 0.05) but not with childhood BMI. In line with these findings, a higher maternal n–6:n–3 PUFA ratio was associated with higher childhood total-body and abdominal fat mass.
Conclusions: Lower maternal n–3 PUFA concentrations and higher n–6 PUFA concentrations during pregnancy are associated with higher body fat and abdominal fat in childhood. Additional studies are needed to replicate these observations and to explore the causality, the underlying pathways, and the long-term cardiometabolic consequences.
Suboptimal maternal diet during pregnancy might lead to fetal cardiovascular adaptations with persistent consequences in the offspring.
We assessed the associations of maternal polyunsaturated fatty ...acid (PUFA) concentrations during pregnancy with childhood blood pressure.
In a population-based prospective cohort study among 4455 mothers and their children, we measured maternal second-trimester n-3 (ω-3) and n-6 (ω-6) PUFA concentrations in plasma glycerophospholipids and expressed n-3 and n-6 PUFAs as proportions of total PUFAs (wt%). Childhood blood pressure was measured at the median age of 6.0 y (95% range: 5.7-7.9 y). We used linear regression models to assess the associations of maternal PUFA wt% with childhood blood pressure at 6 y.
Higher total maternal n-3 PUFA wt% and, specifically, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) wt% were associated with lower childhood systolic blood pressure differences: -0.28 (95% CI: -0.54, -0.03) and -0.29 mm Hg (95% CI: -0.54, -0.03) per SD increase of total n-3 PUFAs and DHA wt%, respectively, but not with childhood diastolic blood pressure. Total maternal n-6 PUFA wt% was positively associated with childhood systolic blood pressure differences: 0.36 mm Hg (95% CI: 0.09, 0.62) per SD increase of total n-6 PUFA wt%, but not with childhood diastolic blood pressure. A higher n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio was associated with higher childhood systolic blood pressure (P < 0.05). Pregnancy and childhood characteristics only partly explained the observed associations.
Higher maternal plasma n-3 PUFA and lower n-6 PUFA concentrations during pregnancy are associated with a lower systolic blood pressure in childhood. Further studies are needed to replicate these findings, explore the underlying mechanisms, and examine the long-term cardiovascular consequences.
Background: Suboptimal maternal diet during pregnancy might lead to fetal cardiovascular adaptations with persistent consequences in the offspring.
Objective: We assessed the associations of maternal ...polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) concentrations during pregnancy with childhood blood pressure.
Methods: In a population-based prospective cohort study among 4455 mothers and their children, we measured maternal second-trimester n–3 (ω-3) and n–6 (ω-6) PUFA concentrations in plasma glycerophospholipids and expressed n–3 and n–6 PUFAs as proportions of total PUFAs (wt%). Childhood blood pressure was measured at the median age of 6.0 y (95% range: 5.7–7.9 y). We used linear regression models to assess the associations of maternal PUFA wt% with childhood blood pressure at 6 y.
Results: Higher total maternal n–3 PUFA wt% and, specifically, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n–3) wt% were associated with lower childhood systolic blood pressure differences: −0.28 (95% CI: −0.54, −0.03) and −0.29 mm Hg (95% CI: −0.54, −0.03) per SD increase of total n–3 PUFAs and DHA wt%, respectively, but not with childhood diastolic blood pressure. Total maternal n–6 PUFA wt% was positively associated with childhood systolic blood pressure differences: 0.36 mm Hg (95% CI: 0.09, 0.62) per SD increase of total n–6 PUFA wt%, but not with childhood diastolic blood pressure. A higher n–6:n–3 PUFA ratio was associated with higher childhood systolic blood pressure (P < 0.05). Pregnancy and childhood characteristics only partly explained the observed associations.
Conclusions: Higher maternal plasma n–3 PUFA and lower n–6 PUFA concentrations during pregnancy are associated with a lower systolic blood pressure in childhood. Further studies are needed to replicate these findings, explore the underlying mechanisms, and examine the long-term cardiovascular consequences.
Suboptimal maternal diet during pregnancy might lead to fetal cardiovascular adaptations with persistent consequences in the offspring. We assessed the associations of maternal polyunsaturated fatty ...acid (PUFA) concentrations during pregnancy with childhood blood pressure. In a population-based prospective cohort study among 4455 mothers and their children, we measured maternal second-trimester n-3 (v-3) and n-6 (v-6) PUFA concentrations in plasma glycerophospholipids and expressed n-3 and n-6 PUFAs as proportions of total PUFAs (wt%). Childhood blood pressure was measured at the median age of 6.0 y (95% range: 5.7-7.9 y). We used linear regression models to assess the associations of maternal PUFA wt% with childhood blood pressure at 6 y. Higher total maternal n-3 PUFA wt% and, specifically, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) wt% were associated with lower childhood systolic blood pressure differences: 20.28 (95% CI: 20.54, 20.03) and 20.29 mm Hg (95% CI: 20.54, 20.03) per SD increase of total n-3 PUFAs and DHA wt%, respectively, but not with childhood diastolic blood pressure. Total maternal n-6 PUFA wt% was positively associated with childhood systolic blood pressure differences: 0.36 mm Hg (95% CI: 0.09, 0.62) per SD increase of total n-6 PUFA wt%, but not with childhood diastolic blood pressure. A higher n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio was associated with higher childhood systolic blood pressure (P < 0.05). Pregnancy and childhood characteristics only partly explained the observed associations. Higher maternal plasma n-3 PUFA and lower n-6 PUFA concentrations during pregnancy are associated with a lower systolic blood pressure in childhood. Further studies are needed to replicate these findings, explore the underlying mechanisms, and examine the long-term cardiovascular consequences.
The biggest drawback of a current diabetes therapy is the treatment of the consequences not the cause of the disease. Regardless of the diabetes type, preservation and recovery of functional ...pancreatic beta cells stands as the biggest challenge in the treatment of diabetes. Free radicals and oxidative stress are among the major mediators of autoimmune destruction of beta cells in type 1 diabetes (T1D) or beta cell malfunction and death provoked by glucotoxicity and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Additionally, oxidative stress reduces functionality of beta cells in T2D by stimulating their de-/trans-differentiation through the loss of transcription factors critical for beta cell development, maturity and regeneration. This review summarizes up to date clarified redox-related mechanisms involved in regulating beta cell identity and death, underlining similarities and differences between T1D and T2D. The protective effects of natural antioxidants on the oxidative stress-induced beta cell failure were also discussed. Considering that oxidative stress affects epigenetic regulatory mechanisms involved in the regulation of pancreatic beta cell survival and insulin secretion, this review highlighted huge potential of epigenetic therapy. Special attention was paid on application of the state-of-the-art CRISPR/Cas9 technology, based on targeted epigenome editing with the purpose of changing the differentiation state of different cell types, making them insulin-producing with ability to attenuate diabetes. Clarification of the above-mentioned mechanisms could provide better insight into diabetes etiology and pathogenesis, which would allow development of novel, potentially more efficient therapeutic strategies for the prevention or reversion of beta cell loss.
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