Worldwide, diseases are important reducers of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) yield. Sources of resistance against many diseases are available in cultivated peanut genotypes, although often not in farmer ...preferred varieties. Wild species generally harbor greater levels of resistance and even apparent immunity, although the linkage of agronomically un-adapted wild alleles with wild disease resistance genes is inevitable. Marker-assisted selection has the potential to facilitate the combination of both cultivated and wild resistance loci with agronomically adapted alleles. However, in peanut there is an almost complete lack of knowledge of the regions of the Arachis genome that control disease resistance.
In this work we identified candidate genome regions that control disease resistance. For this we placed candidate disease resistance genes and QTLs against late leaf spot disease on the genetic map of the A-genome of Arachis, which is based on microsatellite markers and legume anchor markers. These marker types are transferable within the genus Arachis and to other legumes respectively, enabling this map to be aligned to other Arachis maps and to maps of other legume crops including those with sequenced genomes. In total, 34 sequence-confirmed candidate disease resistance genes and five QTLs were mapped.
Candidate genes and QTLs were distributed on all linkage groups except for the smallest, but the distribution was not even. Groupings of candidate genes and QTLs for late leaf spot resistance were apparent on the upper region of linkage group 4 and the lower region of linkage group 2, indicating that these regions are likely to control disease resistance.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Nematodes and drought are major constraints in tropical agriculture and often occur simultaneously. Plant responses to these stresses are complex and require crosstalk between biotic and abiotic ...signaling pathways. In this study, we explored the transcriptome data of wild Arachis species subjected to drought (A-metaDEG) and the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne arenaria (B-metaDEG) via meta-analysis, to identify core-stress responsive genes to each individual and concurrent stresses in these species. Transcriptome analysis of a nematode/drought bioassay (cross-stress) showed that the set of stress responsive DEGs to concurrent stress is distinct from those resulting from overlapping A- and B-metaDEGs, indicating a specialized and unique response to combined stresses in wild Arachis. Whilst individual biotic and abiotic stresses elicit hormone-responsive genes, most notably in the jasmonic and abscisic acid pathways, combined stresses seem to trigger mainly the ethylene hormone pathway. The overexpression of a cross-stress tolerance candidate gene identified here, an endochitinase-encoding gene (AsECHI) from Arachis stenosperma, reduced up to 30% of M. incognita infection and increased post-drought recovery in Arabidopsis plants submitted to both stresses. The elucidation of the network of cross-stress responsive genes in Arachis contributes to better understanding the complex regulation of biotic and abiotic responses in plants facilitating more adequate crop breeding for combined stress tolerance.
The Root-Knot Nematode (RKN), Meloidogyne arenaria, significantly reduces peanut grain quality and yield worldwide. Whilst the cultivated species has low levels of resistance to RKN and other pests ...and diseases, peanut wild relatives (Arachis spp.) show rich genetic diversity and harbor high levels of resistance to many pathogens and environmental constraints. Comparative transcriptome analysis can be applied to identify candidate resistance genes.
Transcriptome analysis during the early stages of RKN infection of two peanut wild relatives, the highly RKN resistant Arachis stenosperma and the moderately susceptible A. duranensis, revealed genes related to plant immunity with contrasting expression profiles. These included genes involved in hormone signaling and secondary metabolites production and also members of the NBS-LRR class of plant disease resistance (R) genes. From 345 NBS-LRRs identified in A.duranensis reference genome, 52 were differentially expressed between inoculated and control samples, with the majority occurring in physical clusters unevenly distributed on eight chromosomes with preferential tandem duplication. The majority of these NBS-LRR genes showed contrasting expression behaviour between A. duranensis and A. stenosperma, particularly at 6 days after nematode inoculation, coinciding with the onset of the Hypersensitive Response in the resistant species. The physical clustering of some of these NBS-LRR genes correlated with their expression patterns in the contrasting genotypes. Four NBS-LRR genes exclusively expressed in A. stenosperma are located within clusters on chromosome Aradu. A09, which harbors a QTL for RKN resistance, suggesting a functional role for their physical arrangement and their potential involvement in this defense response.
The identification of functional novel R genes in wild Arachis species responsible for triggering effective defense cascades can contribute to the crop genetic improvement and enhance peanut resilience to RKN.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Cultivated peanut is an allotetraploid with an AB-genome. In order to learn more of the genomic structure of peanut, we characterized and studied the evolution of a retrotransposon originally ...isolated from a resistance gene analog (RGA)-containing bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone. It is a moderate copy number Ty1-copia retrotransposon from the Bianca lineage and we named it Matita. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) experiments showed that Matita is mainly located on the distal regions of chromosome arms and is of approximately equal frequency on both A- and B-chromosomes. Its chromosome-specific hybridization pattern facilitates the identification of individual chromosomes, a useful cytogenetic tool considering that chromosomes in peanut are mostly metacentric and of similar size. Phylogenetic analysis of Matita elements, molecular dating of transposition events, and an estimation of the evolutionary divergence of the most probable A- and B-donor species suggest that Matita underwent its last major burst of transposition activity at around the same time of the A- and B-genome divergence about 3.5 million years ago. By probing BAC libraries with overgos probes for Matita, resistance gene analogues, and single- or low-copy genes, it was demonstrated that Matita is not randomly distributed in the genome but exhibits a significant tendency of being more abundant near resistance gene homologues than near single-copy genes. The described work is a further step towards broadening the knowledge on genomic and chromosomal structure of peanut and on its evolution.
Cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea) is an allotetraploid with closely related subgenomes of a total size of ∼2.7 Gb. This makes the assembly of chromosomal pseudomolecules very challenging. As a ...foundation to understanding the genome of cultivated peanut, we report the genome sequences of its diploid ancestors (Arachis duranensis and Arachis ipaensis). We show that these genomes are similar to cultivated peanut's A and B subgenomes and use them to identify candidate disease resistance genes, to guide tetraploid transcript assemblies and to detect genetic exchange between cultivated peanut's subgenomes. On the basis of remarkably high DNA identity of the A. ipaensis genome and the B subgenome of cultivated peanut and biogeographic evidence, we conclude that A. ipaensis may be a direct descendant of the same population that contributed the B subgenome to cultivated peanut.
Background and AimsPeanut (Arachis hypogaea) is an allotetraploid (AABB-type genome) of recent origin, with a genome of about 2·8 Gb and a high repetitive content. This study reports an analysis of ...the repetitive component of the peanut A genome using bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones from A. duranensis, the most probable A genome donor, and the probable consequences of the activity of these elements since the divergence of the peanut A and B genomes.MethodsThe repetitive content of the A genome was analysed by using A. duranensis BAC clones as probes for fluorescence in situ hybridization (BAC-FISH), and by sequencing and characterization of 12 genomic regions. For the analysis of the evolutionary dynamics, two A genome regions are compared with their B genome homeologues.Key ResultsBAC-FISH using 27 A. duranensis BAC clones as probes gave dispersed and repetitive DNA characteristic signals, predominantly in interstitial regions of the peanut A chromosomes. The sequences of 14 BAC clones showed complete and truncated copies of ten abundant long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons, characterized here. Almost all dateable transposition events occurred <3·5 million years ago, the estimated date of the divergence of A and B genomes. The most abundant retrotransposon is Feral, apparently parasitic on the retrotransposon FIDEL, followed by Pipa, also non-autonomous and probably parasitic on a retrotransposon we named Pipoka. The comparison of the A and B genome homeologous regions showed conserved segments of high sequence identity, punctuated by predominantly indel regions without significant similarity.ConclusionsA substantial proportion of the highly repetitive component of the peanut A genome appears to be accounted for by relatively few LTR retrotransposons and their truncated copies or solo LTRs. The most abundant of the retrotransposons are non-autonomous. The activity of these retrotransposons has been a very significant driver of genome evolution since the evolutionary divergence of the A and B genomes.
Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas,Departamento de Biologia Celular, 2014.
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O amendoim (Arachis hypogaea L.) é um alotetraploide com origem recente e cujogenoma tem aproximadamente 2,8 Gb, composto majoritariamente por sequências repetitivas.Este estudo relata uma investigação do componente repetitivo presente nas espécies parentaisdo amendoim, A. duranensis, provável doador do genoma A e A. ipaënsis, provável doador dogenoma B, por meio de análises das suas sequências genômicas completas, bem como declones selecionados da biblioteca BAC de A. duranensis. Nos clones, foram identificados dezretrotransposons LTR distintos, enquanto que nas sequências genômicas completas, 81famílias de retrotransposons LTR foram identificadas em A. duranensis e 89 em A. ipaënsis,ocupando aproximadamente 28,5% e 27,6% do genoma A e B, respectivamente. Dessasfamílias, 37 representam a maior parte do conteúdo repetitivo nos dois genomas, sendo que oselementos FIDEL e Feral são os mais frequentes. Esses resultados mostram que uma partesubstancial do componente altamente repetitivo desses genomas é explicada por um númerorelativamente pequeno de retrotransposons LTR, seus fragmentos e LTRs-solo. A maioria dasdatas de transposição estimadas para esses retrotransposons foi posterior a 3,5 milhões deanos atrás, data estimada da divergência dos genomas A e B, indicando que essesretrotransposons LTR tiveram um papel notável na organização desses genomas. Análises dehibridização in situ por fluorescência (FISH), utilizando sondas obtidas a partir dassequências dos genes que codificam a transcriptase reversa de cada família de retrotransposonLTR, mostraram sinais de hibridização detectáveis múltiplos e dispersos em vários, mas nãoem todos os cromossomos dos subgenomas A e B de amendoim, com marcaçãopredominantemente ao longo dos braços dos cromossomos. Comparações entre sequênciashomeólogas dos genomas A e B indicaram alta semelhança no conteúdo gênico, porémgrandes diferenças no conteúdo repetitivo, mostrando que os retrotransposons identificadosneste estudo, juntamente com outros elementos repetitivos têm desempenhado um papelimportante na remodelação do genoma ao longo da evolução, especialmente em regiõesintergênicas. A construção e validação de pools 3-D construídos para os clones das bibliotecasBAC representativas dos genomas A (A. duranensis) e B (A. ipaënsis) foram realizadas. Essaferramenta possibilitou a identificação e isolamento de genes de interesse em Arachis, tais como, expansina e dessaturase de ácidos graxos. __________________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an allotetraploid of recent origin with a genome of about 2.8 Gb and high repetitive content. This study reports an analysis of the repetitive;
component present of the progenitor species from peanut, A. duranensis, likely donor of A;
genome and A. ipaënsis of B genome, using their whole genome sequences and selected;
clones from the BAC library of A. duranensis. Ten LTR retrotransposons were identified in;
these clones whilst 81 families in A. duranensis and 89 in A. ipaënsis complete genomes, representing about 28.5% of the A genome and 27.6% of B genome, respectively. Only 37 families represent most of the repetitive content of the two genomes, and the most abundant;
retrotransposon are FIDEL and Feral. It is here shown that a substantial proportion of the;
highly repetitive component of these genomes is accounted for by relatively few LTR;
retrotransposons, their fragments and solo-LTR. These retroelements are predominantly of;
recent evolutionary origin, most apparently post-dating the evolutionary estimated date of the A and B genomes divergence of the cultivated peanut, about 3.5 million years ago. This;
indicates that these LTR retrotransposons contributed to the divergence of these genomes.;
Analysis by fluorescence in situ hybridization using probes obtained from the genes;
sequencing codifying for the reverse transcriptase of each family of LTR retrotransposons of;
A and B genomes produced multiple and dispersed hybridization signals on several, but not;
all chromosomes of A-B peanut subgenomes, mainly along the chromosomes arms.;
Comparisons between homeologues sequences of A and B genomes showed high similarity in;
gene content, but differences in the repetitive content showing that the retrotransposons identified in this study, and another repetitive elements have played an important role in these genomes remodeling, especially in intergenic regions, over evolutionary time. The;
construction and validation of 3-D pools for clones of the A-B genomes BAC libraries were made. This tool allowed the identification and isolation of genes of interest in Arachis such as expansins and fatty acid desaturase.
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