The leaves of Myrcia DC. ex Guill species are used in traditional medicine and are also exploited commercially as herbal drugs for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The present work aimed to assess ...the qualitative and quantitative profiles of M. bella hydroalcoholic extract, due to these uses, since the existing legislation in Brazil determines that a standard method must be developed in order to be used for quality control of raw plant materials. The current study identified eleven known flavonoid-O-glycosides and six acylated flavonoid derivatives of myricetin and quercetin, together with two kaempferol glycosides and phenolic acids such as caffeic acid, ethil galate, gallic acid and quinic acid. In total, 24 constituents were characterized, by means of extensive preparative chromatographic analyses, along with MS and NMR techniques. An HPLC-PAD-ESI-IT-MS and FIA-ESI-IT-MSn method were developed for rapid identification of acylated flavonoids, flavonoid-O-glycosides derivatives of myricetin and quercetin and phenolic acids in the hydroalcoholic M. bella leaves extract. The FIA-ESI-IT-MS techinique is a powerful tool for direct and rapid identification of the constituents after isolation and NMR characterization. Thus, it could be used as an initial method for identification of authentic samples concerning quality control of Myrcia spp extracts.
The mutagenicity of ten flavonoids was assayed by the Ames test, in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100 and TA102, with the aim of establishing hydroxylation pattern-mutagenicity relationship ...profiles. The compounds assessed were: quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, fisetin, chrysin, galangin, flavone, 3-hydroxyflavone, 5-hydroxyflavone and 7-hydroxyflavone. In the Ames assay, quercetin acted directly and its mutagenicity increased with metabolic activation. In the presence of S9 mix, kaempferol and galangin were mutagenic in the TA98 strain and kaempferol showed signs of mutagenicity in the other strains. The absence of hydroxyl groups, as in flavone, only signs of mutagenicity were shown in strain TA102, after metabolization and, among monohydroxylated flavones (3-hydroxyflavone, 5-hydroxyflavone and 7-hydroxyflavone), the presence of hydroxyl groups only resulted in minor changes. Luteolin and fisetin also showed signs of mutagenicity in strain TA102. Finally, chrysin, which has only two hydroxy groups, at the 5-OH and 7-OH positions, also did not induce mutagenic activity in any of the bacterial strains used, under either activation condition. All the flavonoids were tested at concentrations varying from 2.6 to 30.7 nmol/plate for galangin and 12.1 to 225.0 nmol/plate for other flavonoids. In light of the above, it is necessary to clarify the conditions and the mechanisms that mediate the biological effects of flavonoids before treating them as therapeutical agents, since some compounds can be biotransformed into more genotoxic products; as is the case for galangin, kaempferol and quercetin.
Caesalpinia ferrea Martius has traditionally been used in Brazil for many medicinal purposes, such as the treatment of bronchitis, diabetes and wounds. Despite its use as a medicinal plant, there is ...still no data regarding the genotoxic effect of the stem bark. This present work aims to assess the qualitative and quantitative profiles of the ethanolic extract from the stem bark of C. ferrea and to evaluate its mutagenic activity, using a Salmonella/microsome assay for this species. As a result, a total of twenty compounds were identified by Flow Injection Analysis Electrospray Ionization Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry (FIA-ESI-IT-MS/MSn) in the ethanolic extract from the stem bark of C. ferrea. Hydrolyzable tannins predominated, principally gallic acid derivatives. The HPLC-DAD method was developed for rapid quantification of six gallic acid compounds and ellagic acid derivatives. C. ferrea is widely used in Brazil, and the absence of any mutagenic effect in the Salmonella/microsome assay is important for pharmacological purposes and the safe use of this plant.
Propolis is a bee product with a complex chemical composition formed by several species from different geographical origins. The complex propolis composition requires an accurate and reproducible ...characterization of samples to standardize the quality of the material sold to consumers. This work developed an ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography with a photodiode array detector method to analyze propolis phenolic compounds based on the two key propolis biomarkers, Artepillin C and p‐Coumaric acid. This choice was made due to the complexity of the sample with the presence of several compounds. The optimized method was hyphenated with mass spectrometry detection allowing the detection of 23 different compounds. A step‐by‐step strategy was used to optimize temperature, flow rate, mobile phase composition, and re‐equilibration time. Reverse‐phase separation was achieved with a C18 fused‐core column packed with the commercially available smallest particles (1.3 nm). Using a fused‐core column with ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography allows highly efficient, sensitive, accurate, and reproducible determination of compounds extracted from propolis with an outstanding sample throughput and resolution. Optimized conditions permitted the separation of the compounds in 5.50 min with a total analysis time (sample‐to‐sample) of 6.50 min.
Bauhinia holophylla leaves, also known as "pata-de-vaca", are traditionally used in Brazil to treat diabetes. Although the hypoglycemic activity of this medicinal plant has already been described, ...the active compounds responsible for the hypoglycemic activity have not yet been identified. To rapidly obtain two fractions in large amounts compatible with further in vivo assay, the hydroalcoholic extract of B. holophylla leaves was fractionated by Vacuum Liquid Chromatography and then purified by medium pressure liquid chromatography combined with an in vivo Glucose Tolerance Test in diabetic mice. This approach resulted in the identification of eleven compounds (1-11), including an original non-cyanogenic cyanoglucoside derivative. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by nuclear magnetic resonance and high-resolution mass spectrometry. One of the major compounds of the leaves, lithospermoside (3), exhibited strong hypoglycemic activity in diabetic mice at the doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg b.w. and prevents body weight loss. The proton nuclear magnetic resonance (.sup.1 H NMR) quantification revealed that the hydroalcoholic leaves extract contained 1.7% of lithospermoside (3) and 3.1% of flavonoids. The NMR analysis also revealed the presence of a high amount of pinitol (4) (9.5%), a known compound possessing in vivo hypoglycemic activity. The hypoglycemic properties of the hydroalcoholic leaves extract and the traditional water infusion extracts of the leaves of B. holophylla seem thus to be the result of the activity of three unrelated classes of compounds. Such results support to some extent the traditional use of Bauhinia holophylla to treat diabetes.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Seasonality is one of the major environmental factors that exert influence over the synthesis and accumulation of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. The application of the metabolomics ...approach for quality control of plant extracts is essentially important because it helps one to establish a standard metabolite profile and to analyze factors that affect the effectiveness of the medicinal plants. The Brazilian Cerrado flora is characterized by a rich diversity of native plant species, and a number of these plant species have been found to have suitable medicinal properties. Some of these plant species include
and
. To better understand the chemical composition of these plant species, we conducted a study using the state-of-the-art techniques including the HPLC system coupled to an Exactive-Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometer with electrospray ionization interface UHPLC-(ESI)-HRMS and by NMR being performed 2D
-resolved and proton NMR spectroscopy. For the analysis, samples were harvested bimonthly during two consecutive years. UHPLC-(ESI)-HRMS data were preprocessed and the output data uploaded into an in-house Excel macro for peak dereplication. MS and NMR data were concatenated using the data fusion method and submitted to multivariate statistical analysis. The dereplication of LC-HRMS data helped in the annotation of the major compounds present in the extracts of the three plant species investigated allowing the annotation of 68 compounds in the extracts of
(cinnamic acids, phenolic acids derived from galloyl quinic and shikimic acid, proanthocyanidins, glycosylated flavonoids, triterpenes and other phenols) and 81 compounds in the extracts of
(phenolic acids, saponins, proanthocyanidins, glycosylated flavonoids among other compounds). For a better assessment of the great number of responses, the significance of the chemical variables for the differentiation and correlation of the seasons was determined using the variable importance on projection (VIP) technique and through the application of the false discovery rate (FDR) estimation. The statistical data obtained showed that seasonal factors played an important role on the production of metabolites in each plant species. Temperature conditions, drought and solar radiation were found to be the main factors that affected the variability of phenolic compounds in each species.
Phytoestrogens are of interest because of their reported beneficial effects on many human maladies including cancer, neurodegeneration, cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Furthermore, there is a ...search for compounds with estrogenic activity that can replace estrogen in hormone replacement therapy during menopause, without the undesirable effects of estrogen, such as the elevation of breast cancer occurrence. Thus, the principal objective of this study was to assess the estrogenic activity of flavonoids with different hydroxylation patterns: quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, fisetin, chrysin, galangin, flavone, 3-hydroxyflavone, 5-hydroxyflavone and 7-hydroxyflavone via two different in vitro assays, the recombinant yeast assay (RYA) and the MCF-7 proliferation assay (E-screen), since the most potent phytoestrogens are members of the flavonoid family. In these assays, kaempferol was the only compound that showed ERα-dependent transcriptional activation activity by RYA, showing 6.74±1.7 nM EEQ, besides acting as a full agonist for the stimulation of proliferation of MCF-7/BUS cells. The other compounds did not show detectable levels of interaction with ER under the conditions used in the RYA. However, in the E-screen assay, compounds such as galangin, luteolin and fisetin also stimulated the proliferation of MCF-7/BUS cells, acting as partial agonists. In the evaluation of antiestrogenicity, the compounds quercetin, chrysin and 3-hydroxyflavone significantly inhibited the cell proliferation induced by 17-β-estradiol in the E-screen assay, indicating that these compounds may act as estrogen receptor antagonists. Overall, it became clear in the assay results that the estrogenic activity of flavonoids was affected by small structural differences such as the number of hydroxyl groups, especially those on the B ring of the flavonoid.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Since the beginning, natural products have represented an important source of bioactive molecules for cancer treatment. Among them, cardenolides attract the attention of different research groups due ...to their cardiotonic and antitumor activity. The observed biological activity is closely related to their Na
+
/K
+
-ATPase inhibition potency. Currently, the discovery of new compounds against cancer is an urgent need in modern pharmaceutical research. Thus, the aim of this work is to determine the physicochemical properties and substituent effects that module the antiproliferative activity of cardenolides on the human lung cancer cell line A549. We build and curate a library with results obtained from literature; molecular descriptors were calculated in PaDEL software, and SAR/QSAR analysis was performed. The SAR results showed that cardenolides were sensitive to modifications in C and D steroidal ring and required substituent groups with the function of hydrogen bond acceptor at the C3 position. QSAR models to
doubly linked
-
type
cardenolides indicated that properties as lipoaffinity and atoms with the capacity to be hydrogen bond acceptors are involved in the increment of antiproliferative activity on A549 cell line. In contrast, the presence and position of very electro-negative atoms on the molecule decreased the antiproliferative effect on A549 cells. These results suggest that the antiproliferative capacity of cardenolides on the cell line A549 is strongly related to substituent groups on the C3 position, which must not be carbohydrate. Additionally, the steroidal rings C and D must remain without modifications.
Graphic abstract
Leishmaniasis are diseases caused by parasites belonging to
genus. The treatment with pentavalent antimonials present high toxicity. Secondary line drugs, such as amphotericin B and miltefosine also ...have a narrow therapeutic index. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new drugs to treat leishmaniasis. Here, we present the in vitro anti-leishmanial activity of unusual dimeric flavonoids purified from
. Three compounds were tested against
sp. Compound 2 was the most active against promastigotes. Quantifying the in vitro infected macrophages revealed that compound 2 was also the most active against intracellular amastigotes of
, without displaying host cell toxicity. Drug combinations presented an additive effect, suggesting the absence of interaction between amphotericin B and compound 2. Amastigotes treated with compound 2 demonstrated alterations in the Golgi and accumulation of vesicles inside the flagellar pocket. Compound 2-treated amastigotes presented a high accumulation of cytoplasmic vesicles and a myelin-like structure. When administered in
-infected mice, neither the oral nor the topical treatments were effective against the parasite. Based on the high in vitro activity, dimeric flavonoids can be used as a lead structure for the development of new molecules that could be useful for structure-active studies against
.
is a plant commonly used for the treatment of kidney stones, arthritis and pain in traditional Brazilian medicine. Different in vitro and in vivo activities, ranging from antinociceptive to anti-
, ...have been reported for the dichloromethane root extract of
(DCMAB) and isolated compounds. This work aimed to assess the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity in arthritic synoviocytes of the DCMAB, the hydroethanolic extract (HEAB) and three dimeric flavonoids isolated from the DCMAB. These compounds, brachydin A (
), B (
) and C (
), were isolated both by medium pressure liquid and high-speed counter current chromatography. Their quantification was performed by mass spectrometry on both DCMAB and HEAB. IL-1β activated human fibroblast-like synoviocytes were incubated with both extracts and isolated compounds to determine the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). DCMAB inhibited 30% of IL-6 release at 25 µg/mL, when compared with controls while HEAB was inactive. IC
values determined for
and
were 3-fold higher than
. The DCMAB activity seems to be linked to higher proportions of compounds
and
in this extract. These observations could thus explain the traditional use of
roots in the treatment of osteoarthritis.
PDF
