Iochroma orozcoae
A.Orejuela & S.D.Sm.,
sp. nov.
(Solanaceae) is described from the Andean forests of Cundinamarca in the eastern cordillera of Colombia.
Iochroma orozcoae
was first collected by the ...eminent Spanish priest and botanist José Celestino Mutis in the late part of the 18
th
century, but the specimens have lain unrecognised in herbaria for over 200 years. The species shares many features with its closest relative,
Iochroma baumii
S.D.Sm. & S.Leiva, but it differs from it in having small flowers with five corolla lobes and few inflorescences per branch, located near the shoot apex with 1 to 4 (–8) flowers, fruits that are greenish-yellow when ripe and its restricted geographic distribution. A description of
I. orozcoae
is provided, along with a detailed illustration, photographs of live plants, a comparison with closely-related species and a key to all Colombian species of
Iochroma
Benth. In closing, we emphasise the value of historical collections for the knowledge of biodiversity.
Data gaps and biases are two important issues that affect the quality of biodiversity information and downstream results. Understanding how best to fill existing gaps and account for biases is ...necessary to improve our current information most effectively. Two current main approaches for obtaining and improving data include (1) curation of biological collections, and (2) fieldwork. However, the comparative effectiveness of these approaches in improving biodiversity data remains little explored. We used the Flora de Bogotá project to study the magnitude of change in species richness, spatial coverage, and sample coverage of plant records based on curation versus fieldwork. The process of curation resulted in a decrease in species richness (synonym and error removal), but it significantly increased the number of records per species. Fieldwork contributed to a slight increase in species richness, via accumulation of new records. Additionally, curation led to increases in spatial coverage, species observed by locality, the number of plant records by species, and localities by species compared to fieldwork. Overall, curation was more efficient in producing new information compared to fieldwork, mainly because of the large number of records available in herbaria. We recommend intensive curatorial work as the first step in increasing biodiversity data quality and quantity, to identify bias and gaps at the regional scale that can then be targeted with fieldwork. The stepwise strategy would enable fieldwork to be planned more cost-effectively given the limited resources for biodiversity exploration and characterization.
•Curatorial work from collections makes to recover key geographical and taxonomical species information at a regional scale.•Curation of biological collections is more efficient in producing new information compared to fieldwork.•Given the limited resources for biodiversity study, curatorial work should precede fieldwork as it is more cost-effective.
A new genus,
A.Orejuela & Särkinen,
, is described in the tribe Solandreae (Solanaceae) consisting of four species of hemiepiphytic lianas endemic to the premontane forests of the Colombian and ...Ecuadorian Andes. The genus is distinguished based on the membranous leaves, usually sparsely pubescent with eglandular simple trichomes, pseudo-verticillate leaf arrangement, and elongated, pendulous, and few-flowered inflorescences with showy flowers and conical fruits. Three new combinations are made to transfer species to the new genus previously described as part of the polyphyletic genus
Rich. (
(S.Knapp) A.Orejuela & Särkinen,
,
(A.Orejuela & J.M.Vélez) A.Orejuela & Särkinen,
and
(Hunz.) A.Orejuela & Särkinen,
). One new species is described from the western slopes of the eastern cordillera of the Colombian Andes, known only from three localities in the Boyacá, Santander, and Tolima departments (
A.Orejuela & Villanueva,
). The new species is unique in the genus in having glabrescent adult leaves, green-purplish calyces and long, greenish-white, infundibuliform corollas with delicate purplish veins and large lobes tinged with purple, and pubescent styles. Here we provide a revision of
with a distribution map of all species, an identification key, photographs, preliminary conservation assessments, and line drawings of all four species.
Se describe e ilustra una nueva especie del género Pleurothallis para la región Andina colombiana llamada P. villahermosae, perteneciente a la subsección Macrophyllae-Fasciculatae. La nueva especie ...es morfológicamente similar a Pleurothalis callosa, de la cual se diferencia por tener el sépalo dorsal y el sinsépalo ovado-elíptico; pétalos falcado-lanceolados, acuminados y el labelo cuadrangular-ovado con presencia de 2 callos basales que ocupan un tercio de la longitud del labelo (vs. sépalo dorsal elíptico y sinsépalo ampliamente ovado y labelo unguiculado con 2 callos basales que se extienden hasta la mitad de la longitud del labelo en P. callosa). Se proporciona información geográfica, características ecológicas y estado de conservación de la nueva especie.
The origin and speciation of orchids Pérez‐Escobar, Oscar A.; Bogarín, Diego; Przelomska, Natalia A. S. ...
The New phytologist,
April 2024, Letnik:
242, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Summary
Orchids constitute one of the most spectacular radiations of flowering plants. However, their origin, spread across the globe, and hotspots of speciation remain uncertain due to the lack of ...an up‐to‐date phylogeographic analysis.
We present a new Orchidaceae phylogeny based on combined high‐throughput and Sanger sequencing data, covering all five subfamilies, 17/22 tribes, 40/49 subtribes, 285/736 genera, and c. 7% (1921) of the 29 524 accepted species, and use it to infer geographic range evolution, diversity, and speciation patterns by adding curated geographical distributions from the World Checklist of Vascular Plants.
The orchids' most recent common ancestor is inferred to have lived in Late Cretaceous Laurasia. The modern range of Apostasioideae, which comprises two genera with 16 species from India to northern Australia, is interpreted as relictual, similar to that of numerous other groups that went extinct at higher latitudes following the global climate cooling during the Oligocene. Despite their ancient origin, modern orchid species diversity mainly originated over the last 5 Ma, with the highest speciation rates in Panama and Costa Rica.
These results alter our understanding of the geographic origin of orchids, previously proposed as Australian, and pinpoint Central America as a region of recent, explosive speciation.
Seasonally dry tropical forests are distributed across Latin America and the Caribbean and are highly threatened, with less than 10% of their original extent remaining in many countries. Using 835 ...inventories covering 4660 species of woody plants, we show marked floristic turnover among inventories and regions, which may be higher than in other neotropical biomes, such as savanna. Such high floristic turnover indicates that numerous conservation areas across many countries will be needed to protect the full diversity of tropical dry forests. Our results provide a scientific framework within which national decision-makers can contextuaiize the floristic significance of their dry forest at a regional and continental scale.
Los bosques secos tropicales son ecosistemas complejos y frágiles con alta intervención antrópica y ciclos reproductivos restringidos. Albergan riqueza, diversidad estructural, fisiológica y ...fenológica únicas. Esta investigación se desarrolló en el valle del Alto Magdalena, en cuatro fragmentos de bosque con diferentes estados sucesionales. En cada fragmento se establecieron cuatro parcelas permanentes de 0.25 ha y se evaluó el hábitat lumínico asociado a la riqueza, abundancia relativa y rareza de especies, al igual que la dinámica del bosque que contempló mortalidad, reclutamiento y crecimiento diamétrico para un periodo de 5.25 años. En bosque ribereño maduro se encontró una riqueza de especies mayor a la reportada en otros estudios para áreas similares en el Valle del Cauca y la Costa Atlántica. Se evidencian valores de riqueza, heterogeneidad y rareza de especies mayores que los encontrados para zonas más secas del Tolima. La estructura, diversidad y dinámica del bosque se correlacionaron con el hábitat lumínico, mostrando diferencias en la arquitectura del dosel y su papel en la captura y absorción de radiación. Bosques con dosel denso presentan poca disponibilidad de radiación fotosintética activa en el sotobosque, relacionado con baja riqueza de especies, mientras que sotobosques iluminados son más ricos y heterogéneos.
 A new genus, Doselia A.Orejuela & Särkinen, gen. nov. , is described in the tribe Solandreae (Solanaceae) consisting of four species of hemiepiphytic lianas endemic to the premontane forests of ...the Colombian and Ecuadorian Andes. The genus is distinguished based on the membranous leaves, usually sparsely pubescent with eglandular simple trichomes, pseudo-verticillate leaf arrangement, and elongated, pendulous, and few-flowered inflorescences with showy flowers and conical fruits. Three new combinations are made to transfer species to the new genus previously described as part of the polyphyletic genus Markea Rich. (Doselia epifita (S.Knapp) A.Orejuela & Särkinen, comb. nov. , D. huilensis (A.Orejuela & J.M.Vélez) A.Orejuela & Särkinen, comb. nov. and D. lopezii (Hunz.) A.Orejuela & Särkinen, comb. nov. ). One new species is described from the western slopes of the eastern cordillera of the Colombian Andes, known only from three localities in the Boyacá, Santander, and Tolima departments (Doselia galilensis A.Orejuela & Villanueva, sp. nov. ). The new species is unique in the genus in having glabrescent adult leaves, green-purplish calyces and long, greenish-white, infundibuliform corollas with delicate purplish veins and large lobes tinged with purple, and pubescent styles. Here we provide a revision of Doselia with a distribution map of all species, an identification key, photographs, preliminary conservation assessments, and line drawings of all four species. Keywords: Plantae , Solanales , Solanaceae
Ampelocera percyhernandezii, a new tree species restricted to dry forest remnants located inside inter-Andean valleys in the upper Magdalena River basin (Cundinamarca and Tolima departments), is ...described and illustrated. The new taxon is proposed here based on a literature survey, examination of numerous herbarium exssicatae, and field observations. Ampelocera percyhernandezii is morphologically similar to A. albertiae, A. longissima and A. macphersoni. However, the differences between these species are contrasted in the diagnosis, discussion, Table 1, and the species key. The figures show fresh and dried material and a geographical distribution map based on occurrence records. Following the IUCN assessment tool, the conservation status of A. percyhernandezii is provisionally determined as endangered (EN). Additionally, habitat information, phenology, the vernacular names, and a key to the species of Ampelocera are provided. This new species raises to ten the number of Ampelocera taxa. Colombia has the highest diversity of the genus with seven species.
•AGB stocks of terra firme and flooded forests depend on the number of large trees.•Tree species diversity is not correlated to AGB in seasonally flooded forests.•Conservation of seed disperser ...animals enhances the conservation of AGB stocks.
The conservation of tropical forests has become an important mechanism for the mitigation of the negative effects of climate change. Countries located in the Neotropical region, Central and South America, are aiming to understand the drivers of carbon stocks of their forests to build a better capacity for forest management. In this study, we calculated Above Ground Biomass – AGB stocks for 32 (1ha) vegetation plots of forests classified as terra firme and seasonally flooded, and evaluated the effect of basin location, structural and environmental variables on the magnitude of AGB stocks. We report that variation among river basins results from the effects of fragmentation and soil fertility. The most important variable, determining the magnitude of AGB stocks in lowland forests in the region is the number of large trees per hectare. Seasonally flooded forests should be studied and managed separately from terra firme forests as these behave differently in the relationship between tree species diversity and AGB stocks. We found that the proportions of endozoochoric and synzoochoric tree species are important variables for the magnitude of AGB stocks in these forests. We present the first account on the drivers of AGB stocks in Northwestern South America and show that environmental characteristics of forests, such as flooding and fragmentation should be taken into account to determine the variation on AGB stocks among forests in this region.
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