It is well known that cheese yield and quality are affected by animal genetics, milk quality (chemical, physical, and microbiological), production technology, and the type of rennet and dairy ...cultures used in production. Major differences in the same type of cheese (i.e., hard cheese) are caused by the rennet and dairy cultures, which affect the ripening process. This review aims to explore current technological advancements in animal genetics, methods for the isolation and production of rennet and dairy cultures, along with possible applications of microencapsulation in rennet and dairy culture production, as well as the challenge posed to current dairy technologies by the preservation of biodiversity. Based on the reviewed scientific literature, it can be concluded that innovative approaches and the described techniques can significantly improve cheese production.
Zahtjevi za većom proizvodnjom i potražnja potrošača za zdravijom hranom potaknuli su posljednjih godina intenzivna istraživanja alternativnih promotora rasta životinja. Trendovi istraživanja su ...orijentirani na razvoj novih proizvoda obogaćenih dodacima stočnoj hrani s ciljem poboljšanja zdravlja životinja i boljeg prirasta. Mnogi od tih spojeva su nestabilni u prisutnosti svjetla, zraka, vode ili visokih temperatura te ih je potrebno zaštiti tijekom procesiranja, skladištenja i primjene. Inkapsulacijom u mikročestice dodaci stočnoj hrani se štite od štetnih vanjskih utjecaja, a ne umanjuju im se stabilnost i funkcionalnost. Tehnologija mikroinkapsulacije se koristi za zaštitu dodataka i poboljšanje biodostupnosti kontroliranom i ciljanom isporukom u probavni trakt. Posebno je pogodna za dodavanje u hranidbi preživača, jer se pravilnim izborom materijala mikročestice omogućava oslobađanje dodataka u tankom crijevu, a ne u buragu. Uz pravilno korištenje, formulacije mikročestica su učinkovit alat u hranidbi životinja koji isporučuje hranjive sastojke i/ili lijekove na određeno mjesto željenom brzinom. U radu su sažeta laboratorijska istraživanja primjene tehnologije mikroinkapsulacije dodataka stočnoj hrani u hranidbi preživača i monogastričnih životinja. Brojni rezultati primjene inkapsuliranih bioaktivnih spojeva pokazali su pozitivne učinke na zdravlje životinja, povećanje produktivnosti bez štetnih učinaka na konačni proizvod i zaštitu okoliša.
This study aimed to implement a microencapsulated form of selected autochthonous lactic-acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from the cheese-production chain and natural rennet obtained from suckling lambs ...in the traditional production of hard sheep cheese, “Paški sir”, from the island of Pag, Croatia. Two different formulations of microparticles were prepared: (i) microparticles containing the strain of both Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lactococcus lactis (S2) and (ii) microparticles containing both strains and natural rennet (S3). These formulations were used in the production of Paški sir cheese simultaneously with standard production using non-encapsulated commercial starter cultures and commercial rennet (S1). The number of Lc. lactis isolates decreased at day 30 and were not isolated during the remaining ripening process, whereas the number of L. plantarum remained stable throughout the ripening process. The level of LAB and the release of the rennet from microsphere formulations at the end allowed for the production of cheese with the same characteristics as the commercial product, indicating no negative interactions of natural rennet, bacterial culture, and chemical components of microparticles. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a microencapsulated L. plantarum (isolated from the abomasum of lambs) coupled with natural lamb’s rennet used in the production of hard sheep cheese. This pilot study showed the great potential for maintaining authenticity in cheese production by combining traditional and sustainable innovative technologies.
This study addresses the application of native, multiple strain starter cultures for standardization of game meat sausages production. The designed starter cultures consisting of two indigenous
...Lactobacillus sakei
and one
Leuconostoc mesenteroides
strains. These strains were used in both, the encapsulated and non-encapsulated form, in the game meat dough, individually or in combination, with eight treatments in total. Microbiological and physicochemical characteristics of the sausages were monitored throughout the manufacturing process, while sensory properties, biogenic amine content, and volatile compounds were evaluated in the final products. As revealed by rep-PCR, native starter cultures, encapsulated or non-encapsulated, had survived the whole sausage production process; however, to varying degrees. The application of indigenous decarboxylase negative
Lb. sakei
strains significantly (
P
< 0.05) reduced tyramine content, rapidly decreased pH and promoted the number reduction of
Enterobacteriaceae
and elimination of
E. coli
,
L. monocytogenes
and coliforms in ready-to-eat products. A total of 84 volatile compounds were identified by SPME–GC–MS in the eight treatment batches of game meat sausages, with only minor differences between the treatments. No significant differences in sensory traits (
P
> 0.05) between tested treatments were found, although treatment with the
Lb. sakei
strains received the highest scores for the sensory traits including cross-section, odour, hardness, aroma, and overall acceptability. Combination of multi-strain
Lb. sakei
starter cultures resulted in growth prevention of undesirable microbiota, reduction of tyramine content and increased the acceptability parameters of full-ripened sausages, which make them good candidates for industrial as well as artisanal application.
Interactions in mixtures of
n-dodecylammonium chloride (DDACl) and κ-, ι- and λ-carrageenan (CAR) have been investigated by surface tension, conductometry, light microscopy, light scattering, ...microelectrophoretic and X-ray measurements. The phase behavior in dilute water corner includes the regimes of soluble and insoluble complexes. Various polyelectrolyte–surfactant complexes (PSC) were formed at the air/solution interface and in bulk. The effect of the carrageenan concentration on the critical aggregation concentration (cac) and critical micelle concentration (cmc) was found to be very weak. The increase of carrageenan charge density increases the cac and cac/cmc ratio, and shifts the precipitation region towards higher concentration of both components. Factors governing the PSC formation were discussed in terms of electrostatic interactions, conformation, flexibility of the polyelectrolyte chains and entropy gain due to released carrageenan counterions. Formation of giant vesicles even at low carrageenan concentration and structural properties of insoluble complexes revealed lamellar ordering as an important feature of the DDACl/CAR systems.
Anti-insect photoselective nets present a new technology that combines light manipulation and pest protection in orchards. In this study, the effect of the anti-insect photoselective red net on the ...generative and vegetative traits was studied in an apple orchard near the city of Zadar, Croatia. 'Granny Smith' apples were grown on M9 rootstock and raised as slender spindles. The experiment consisted of two treatments: the trees covered with the red photoselective anti-insect nets (AGRITECH S. r. l., Eboli, Italy; mesh size of 2.4 × 4.8 mm) and uncovered trees as control. Yield, percentage of fruit with diameter >70 mm and fruit mass were not significantly different between treatments. L* color value was higher on fruit skin grown under the red net, and there was no significant difference in other color values (a*, b*, C* and h°). Soluble solids concentration (SSC) and total flavonoid content were significantly lower in fruit grown under red net than in control, and there was no significant difference in titratable acidity (TA), SSC/TA ratio, starch degradation and Streif maturity index. Red net proved to be effective against fruit red blush development (undesirable trait for 'Granny Smith' apple) and sunburn damage occurrence.
Alternatives and replacements for synthetic chemical-based plant protectants are required. In this study biopolymeric microspheres containing arthropod-derived apitoxin are explored as a possible ...novel environmentally friendly formulation for plant protection. Here we document the optimization process for microencapsulation of apitoxin into a stable formulation, for ready use in agricultural applications. Efficacy trials were carried out on three different beetle species at various developmental stages (Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say, 1824.), Tenebrio molitor (Linnaeus, 1758.), Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus, 1758.)). The encapsulated apitoxin has a steady initial and long residual effect, due to the slow release of apitoxin which is one of its main advantages over other conventional control methods. Microspheres loaded with apitoxin have a detrimental effect on insects, of which it is significantly better gastric compared to contact action (due to pH). The results showed that the highest and fastest mortality was obtained when the highest concentrations (0.6%) were applied, chosen to be economically acceptable. These important findings contribute to knowledge on the application and development of encapsulated apitoxin formulations, and their effectiveness, as an alternative eco-friendly control method in agricultural production.
Polymer and surfactant complexation was investigated in systems containing anionic biopolymers and cationic surfactants by various classical and modern methods. Differently charged carrageenans (one, ...two or three sulfate groups per monomeric unit) and dodecylammonium chloride (DDACl) were used as model systems. Formation of various soluble and insoluble complexes (from nano- to microdimensions) and gelation strongly depends on carrageenan and DDACl concentrations, their molar ratio and linear charge density on carrageenan chains. The main factors governing complexation include electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions as well as conformation of carrageenan chains. With increasing carrageenan concentration, the intramacromolecular complexes change to intermacromolecular, which subsequently reorganize into better ordered structures, giant vesicles, and precipitated stoichiometric compounds, dodecylammonium carrageenates. Structural analysis of the new compounds revealed the formation of a lamellar structure with the polar sublayer containing carrageenan chains and the non-polar sublayer consisting of disordered dodecylammonium chains electrostatically attached to the carrageenan backbone. At gelling carrageenan concentration, progressive addition of DDACl caused gradual transitions from the structure of carrageenan gel alone to lamellar ordering of collapsed gel balanced by intermolecular forces within the gel network, i.e., by hydrogen bonding, electrostatic, hydrophobic and van der Waals forces.
From 2018 to 2020, an experiment on effects of nitrogen top-dressing was conducted with Burley tobacco on the Zagreb experimental field at the Faculty of Agriculture. The experiment was set up ...according to the RCBD in four replications. Nitrogen was added to the top-dressing in five different variants: 1) control 100% from CAN; 2) 90% from CAN + 10% from microcapsules; 3) 80% from CAN + 20% from microcapsules; 4) 90% from CAN + 10% from microcapsules with chitosan; and 5) 80% from CAN + 20% from microcapsules with chitosan. During vegetation, number of leaves, length and width of the 9th leaf, topping height, and days to flowering were determined. After drying, the yield was determined, and the tobacco was classified into six classes. According to the analysis of variance, significant differences were established for share of I class, width od 9th leaf, topping height days to flowering in 2018, yield, share of VI class in 2019, yield, share of V class, and leaf number in 2020. Significantly, the highest yield had control compared to the variants 80% from CAN + 20% from microcapsules with chitosan in 2019 and the variants 80% from CAN + 20% from microcapsules in 2020. The control had the significantly highest share of I class in 2018. The highest leaf number in 2020 had the control and variant 90% from CAN + 10% from microcapsules with chitosan compared to the variant 80% from CAN + 20% from microcapsules with chitosan. The effect of microencapsulation has not given the expected results.
Glavni je izazov poljoprivrede u godinama koje dolaze povećanje proizvodnje hrane kako bi se zadovoljile potrebe rastućeg svjetskog stanovništva, bez štetnih utjecaja na okoliš te bez utjecaja na ...klimu. Za zaštitu poljoprivrednih kultura od štetnih organizama najviše se koriste sintetske kemikalije koje su uglavnom vrlo toksične, ugrožavaju zdravlje ljudi i životinja i onečišćuju okoliš, te uzrokuju razvoj rezistentnosti štetnih organizama. Botanički pesticidi alternativa su sintetskim pesticidima jer omogućuju sigurnije suzbijanje štetnih organizama, a istodobno su sigurniji za osobe koje ih primjenjuju. Eventualni su nedostatci botaničkih pesticida kratak rok trajanja, fotoosjetljivost i hlapljivost koja otežava njihovu uporabu u zaštiti poljoprivrednih kultura. Tehnologija inkapsulacije omogućuje osjetljivim tvarima poput različitih uljnih komponenata (ulje neema) fizičko obavijanje zaštitnim materijalom. Aktivni sastojci uljnih komponenata tako su zaštićeni od nepovoljnih vremenskih utjecaja, gubitaka isparavanjem i neželjenih međudjelovanja. S obzirom na važnost ulja neema i njegove uporabe za suzbijanje brojnih štetnih organizama na različitim usjevima, inkapsulacija tog ulja omogućila bi stabilniju formulaciju za suzbijanje štetnih organizama. U ovom radu opisana je pesticidna učinkovitost ulja neema te je prikazan potencijal inkapsuliranih formulacija i njihova primjena u zaštiti bilja.
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