Arhitekt Ivo Bartolić; Prolegomena opusu Bobovec, Borka; Korlaet, Luka; Virag, Nino
Prostor (Zagreb, Croatia),
06/2015, Letnik:
23, Številka:
1 (49)
Journal Article
Recenzirano
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Arhitekt Ivo Bartolić (Glina, 1912. - Zagreb, 2013.) projektirao je pretežno stambenu arhitekturu i hotele. U stambenoj arhitekturi zaokupljen je problemom tipizirane i montažne gradnje, čime su ...ostvareni preduvjeti za industrijsku proizvodnju građevnih komponenti stanova. Kao poseban doprinos ističe se stvaranje sustava prefabriciranih i modularnih elemenata. Drugo važno područje njegova stvaralačkog interesa bili su hoteli kojima se posvećuje
nakon 1965. godine.
Architect Ivo Bartolic (Glina, 19th June 1912--Zagreb, 23th July 2013) mainly designed residential buildings and hotels. He graduated from the Zagreb Art Academy (Department of Architecture) in 1939 ...under supervision of Drago Ibler. He started his professional career before the Second World War in the architectural practices of Stjepan Planic, Slavko Lowy, Drago Ibler and Vladimir Potocnjak. In 1943 he passed his licensing exam and became a licensed architect. From 1948 to 1954 he worked as a chief architect in the Zagreb-based architectural office Arhitektonski projektni zavod and then established the Architectural practice "Bartolic". It worked independently until 1963 when it merged with a few other practices into a newly-established architectural office Arhitektonski projektni zavod. Bartolic worked in this office until his retirement in 1973 holding executive position. During the 1960s he actively pursued advanced professional training and spent some time abroad, in Israel (1960), Scandinavia, the Netherlands, and England (1962). In 1968 both the Architects' Association of Yugoslavia and the Architects' Association of Croatia proclaimed him their meritorious member. In 1987 he was granted the "Viktor Kovacic" Life Achievement Award and in 2003 he was declared an honorary member of the Zagreb-based Association of Architects and the Architects' Association of Croatia. He was widely regarded as an architect whose creative interests were primarily focused on residential architecture. His projects from the 1950s and 1960s show that even in modest social circumstances that characterized the society of the period, it was possible to create an architecture that successfully met market needs using simple elements and following clear rules in housing design. In residential architecture he was concerned with the standardized mass and prefabricated construction. His major contribution lies in the field of prefabricated and modular elements that he used not only in residential but also in hotel architecture. He participated in numerous competitions for standardized construction and interior design and wrote extensively on various professional topics. He saw a standardized construction module as a necessary prerequisite for a mass production of apartments in the context of a simple and functional approach to space and structure. Standardized apartments with simple floor plans were designed and built all over Croatia (Sisak, Cakovec, Varazdin, Zagreb, Zadar, Vis) and in the wider region of the former state (Slovenia, Serbia, Monte Negro). Structurally, it was a system of longitudinal or transversal load-bearing brick walls supporting a multi-ribbed floor slab. Facades were mostly articulated with the horizontals at the height of the floor slabs while the parapets of identical window openings were slightly retracted and coloured. The ground-floor level was painted in dark colours. The building was crowned by a cornice. This design concept, also known as "Type Bartolic" reappeared in numerous projects. His model was widely copied in the design of housing developments and individual residential buildings and complexes. Over the period of 20 years (between 1948 and 1968) he designed housing developments and buildings. Viktorovac, a new housing development for professional workers, based on his design, was built in the suburbs of Sisak in 1954. The projects that soon followed were the housing developments Caprag and Mosa Pijade, and a few residential and office buildings. In Zagreb he designed a series of individual residential buildings as well as entire housing developments adjacent to "Rade Koncar" and "Prvomajska" factories. He received commissions from all parts of ex Yugoslavia. The projects that deserve to be mentioned are certainly those that he realized in Zadar: the Yugoslav National Army Centre (1955) and a residential building (1958) in the historic nucleus, two residential complexes on the waterfront (1959), two housing developments and a series of residential buildings on various town locations. In collaboration with B. Milic and J. Vidic he designed a block with apartments, a hotel, a cinema and a post-office in the vicinity of St Donat's church (1963). With J. Vidic he designed the building of the Faculty of Political sciences in Zagreb (1963). In addition to multi-unit housing, he also designed a large number of single-family houses. Most of his projects were realized in Zagreb. In Trnsko, one of the New Zagreb quarters (1959-66), he designed as many as 15 buildings. In other quarters (Voltino and Folnegovicevo naselje, Volovcica, Selska cesta etc.) many buildings were built according to his designs. His interest in hotel design came into focus after 1965 when a whole range of outstanding projects were realized: Panonija hotel in Sisak, hotel Park in Cakovec and hotel Istra on Crveni otok near Rovinj (in collaboration with Lujo Schwerer). Others were: hotel Dvorac on Crveni otok near Rovinj, hotels Park and Centar and hotel Eden (in collaboration with Miroslav Begovic, all in Rovinj), hotel Materada in Porec and hotel Amfora on the island of Hvar (following the preliminary design by Zvonimir Marohnic). He also produced a number of projects that have never been realized but which, nevertheless, clearly illustrate the breadth and volume of his professional work. The contribution of the architect Ivo Bartolic to residential and hotel architecture of the second half of the 20th century primarily lies in quality architecture which does not disturb the existing urban and natural setting but, on the contrary, enhances its value despite the strict rules that dominated housing design in the 1950s and 1960s or large hotels that had to be put up on relatively small and challenging sites. Standardized mass and prefabricated construction in addition to a successful promotion of prefabricated and modular elements used in the mass construction of apartments as well as the simplicity of floor plans are to be seen primarily as a response to a particular historical context and creative possibilities. The projects Bartolic worked on were complex and challenging: from floor-plan concepts to a housing development organization up to the invention of new structural systems. He successfully dealt with the scope and depth of these issues and thus made a rich professional contribution to the period when he lived.
Models that seek to improve our current understanding of biochemical processes and predict disease progression have been increasingly in use over the last decades. Recently, we proposed a finite ...element implementation of arterial wall growth and remodeling with application to abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). The study focused on changes within the aortic wall and did not include the complex role of intraluminal thrombus (ILT) during the AAA evolution. Thus, in this work, we extend the model with a gradual deposition of ILT and its mechanical influence on AAA growth. Despite neglecting the increased biochemical activity due to the presence of a proteolytically active luminal layer of ILT, and thus underestimating rupture risk potential, we show that ILT helps to slow down the growth of the aneurysm in the axial direction by redirecting blood pressure loading from the axial-radial plane to predominately radial direction. This very likely lowers rupture potential. We also show that the ratio of ILT volume to volume sac is an important factor in AAA stabilization and that fully thrombosed aneurysms could stabilize quicker and at smaller maximum diameters compared to partially thrombosed ones. Furthermore, we show that ILT formation and the associated mural stress decrease negatively impact the wall constituent production and thickness. Although further studies that include increased biochemical degradation of the wall after the formation of ILT and ILT deposition based on hemodynamics are needed, the present findings highlight the dual role an ILT plays during AAA progression.
The role of intraluminal thrombus (ILT) in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) development has been controversial for decades, yet the researchers and clinicians agree that thrombus is not an innocent ...bystander in disease progression. In an effort to increase our understanding of its role, in this work, we present a bio-chemo-mechanical mathematical model of thrombus-laden aneurysms. Unlike all previous finite element studies, where AAAs grow due to prescribed irreversible time-dependent elastin degradation, in this study, protein degradation depends on protease activity. Enzymes degrading collagen and elastin are believed to come from the luminal layer of intraluminal thrombus and the increasing area of chemotactic vasa vasorum in the wall. The geometrical and structural spatiotemporal changes in the aneurysmal wall at the apex and shoulder region of the thrombus-laden aneurysm are explained in detail. Furthermore, we show that later ILT formation is more perilous than its early deposition, despite lower peak protease activity and related extracellular matrix degradation. Interestingly, the radial growth rate is slightly slower for fully thrombosed AAAs compared to the partially thrombosed ones, however, their axial growth is much more pronounced. Additionally, we show that thrombus deposition greatly impacts the aneurysmal sac shape and volume.
Imaging studies have shown, and more recently quantified, the collagen fiber dispersions within the aortic wall. Simultaneously, experimental and numerical studies highlight a significant influence ...of the dispersion on the aortic mechanical response. On the other hand, none of the numerical studies describing the adaptation of healthy and diseased aortas in response to different stimuli take fiber dispersion into account. In this study, we present the first implementation of a fiber dispersion model based on the generalized structure tensor approach into a constrained mixture growth and remodeling model of the aortic wall. Additionally, a new definition of the fiber pre-stretch tensor compatible with fiber dispersion is proposed. The new extended model was implemented into a finite element analysis program, and the influence of collagen fiber dispersions and mean fiber angles on aneurysm growth and the distribution of stresses inside the aortic wall were studied on a three-layered axisymmetric model of a fusiform abdominal aortic aneurysm as well as on non-symmetric aneurysm. In the analyses, the dispersion parameters and the mean fiber angles were varied in the range of measured values for healthy abdominal aortas and aneurysms. Results show a reasonable behavior during an extension-inflation test and the expected evolution of residual stresses during adaptation due to hypertension. Moreover, they show that changes in fiber dispersions and mean fiber angles have a significant influence on the aneurysm evolution and the stress distribution. For example, simulations with increased fiber dispersion in the intima or the media showed a slower aneurysm growth, while the opposite was true for the adventitia. Mean fiber direction closer to the circumferential direction resulted in a stiffer response in the aortic inflation analysis, and it also decreased the aneurysm growth rate.
The general framework for growth and remodeling (G&R) of soft biological tissues shows a great potential for expanding our current understanding of biochemical and biomechanical processes, and to ...predict disease progression. Yet, its use is held up by the lack of a reliable and verified 3D finite element (FE) implementation capable of describing G&R processes of soft biological tissues. Thus, in this study we present the implementation of a 3D constrained mixture G&R model in a FE analysis program. In contrast to traditional finite strain FE formulations, we show that the volumetric–isochoric decomposition not only introduces numerical problems and instabilities, it also provides unphysical results. As a verification of the implementation we present adaptations of realistic aorta models to changes in the hemodynamics, i.e. changes in blood flow and pressure. The obtained results show a correspondence with the membrane theory and with clinical expectations. Application to a fusiform aneurysm model provided realistic growth rates, evolution of thickness and stress, whereas changes in the kinetic parameters show good agreement to animal models. Finally, we present simulated expansions of an asymmetric fusiform aneurysm. Non-axisymmetric elastin degradation increased the curvature of the aorta, which is characteristic for abdominal aortic aneurysms.
•General soft tissue growth and remodeling model implemented in finite element code.•Adaptation of vessel to change in hemodynamics agrees well with clinical observations.•Fiber production in aneurysms is mediated more by wall shear than intramural stress.•Evolution of aneurysmal geometry and stresses agrees well with expectations.•Reestablishment of the endothelium is important for aneurysm stabilization.
Prediction of rupture and optimal timing for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) surgical intervention remain wanting even after decades of clinical, histological, and numerical research. Although ...studies estimating rupture from AAA geometrical features from CT imaging showed some promising results, they are still not being used in practice. Patient‐specific numerical stress analysis introduced too many assumptions about wall structure for the related rupture potential index (RPI) to be considered reliable. Growth and remodeling (G&R) numerical models eliminate some of these assumptions and thus might have the most potential to calculate mural stresses and RPI and increase our understanding of rupture. To recognize numerical models as trustworthy, it is necessary to validate the computed results with results derived from imaging. Elastin degradation function is one of the main factors that determine idealized aneurysm sac shape. Using a hundred different combinations of variables defining AAA geometry or influences AAA stability (elastin degradation function parameters, collagen mechanics, and initial healthy aortic diameters), we investigated the relationship between AAA morphology and RPI and compared numerical results with clinical findings. Good agreement of numerical results with clinical expectations from the literature gives us confidence in the validity of the numerical model. We show that aneurysm morphology significantly influences the stability of aneurysms. Additionally, we propose new parameters, geometrical rupture potential index (GRPI) and normalized aneurysm length (NAL), that might predict rupture of aneurysms without thrombus better than currently used criteria (i.e., maximum diameter and growth rate). These parameters can be computed quickly, without the tedious processing of CT images.
Prediction of rupture remains wanting even after decades of clinical, histological, and numerical research. Using a hundred different combinations of growth and remodeling degradation function parameters, we show that aneurysm morphology influences the stability of aneurysms significantly. New rupture parameters are proposed, geometrical rupture potential index (GRPI) and normalized aneurysm length (NAL), predicting rupture of aneurysms without thrombus better than currently used criteria.
