Objectives:
This qualitative investigation examined how Black emerging adults cope with their worst experiences of racism at multiple levels (individual, cultural, and institutional).
Methods:
A ...sample of 189 Black emerging adults (M
age = 19.34, 68.3% female) from a predominantly White institution completed an online questionnaire with an open-ended question regarding their worst experience of racism and how they coped. Responses to these questions were coded using deductive coding schemes based on established theory-Jones' (1997) tripartite model of racism and Harrell's (2000) typology of coping.
Results:
Results indicated that the majority of participants utilized active and inner-directed coping strategies in response to their worst experience. More participants responded to institutional-level racism with active rather than passive coping. There were no differences in proportions of participants who responded to individual- or cultural-level racism with active rather than passive coping. Similar proportions of participants also reported inner-directed versus outer-directed coping in response to individual-, cultural-, and institutional-level experiences.
Conclusions:
Implications for practice, policy, and programming to support the mental health of Black emerging adults are discussed.
Public Significance Statement
This study suggests that Black emerging adults take action to cope when they experience structural racism that blocks their access to resources and/or opportunities. Mental health practitioners could use clients' context-specific and gendered ways of coping with their worst experience of racism as a therapeutic tool, alongside their efforts to change macrolevel systems to ensure health equity.
Objective
Noninvasive respiratory support has reduced the need for mechanical ventilation and surfactant administration in very premature neonates. We sought to determine how the increased use of ...noninvasive ventilation and less surfactant instillation has impacted the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) using four currently used BPD definitions.
Study Design
This is a retrospective, single‐center cohort study of neonates born at less than 28 weeks gestation between 2010 and 2018. A respiratory practice change (less surfactant and more noninvasive ventilation) occurred in 2014 following participation in the Surfactant Positive Airway Pressure and Pulse Oximetry trial. Therefore, patients were divided into two epochs to compare postnatal respiratory and clinical course and BPD outcomes across four currently relevant definitions (Vermont Oxford Network, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Canadian, and Neonatal Research Network).
Results
Clinical and demographic variables were similar between epochs. Despite significant differences in maternal and infant characteristics and clinical course, the incidence of BPD was not significantly different between the two epochs regardless of the BPD definition utilized. There was a wide range in the incidence of BPD depending on the definition used.
Conclusions
Despite decreased use of surfactant administration and invasive mechanical ventilation between the two epochs, the incidence of BPD did not change and there was wide variation depending on the definition used. A better understanding of the risk factors associated with BPD and a consensus definition is urgently needed to: 1) more accurately compare various studies, 2) help facilitate the conduct of clinical trials, and 3) enhance the development of novel therapeutic interventions to improve outcome.
This study expanded on research examining families’ roles in youth gender development that has investigated boys’ versus girls’ family experiences by using a within-family design to study the gender ...socialization of brothers versus sisters from the same families. We drew from archival data collected in 2001–2002 from an ethnic homogeneous sample of Black American mother–father families ( N = 128) who were raising at least one son and one daughter; the majority of youth were adolescents (range 2–31 years). In separate home interviews, mothers and fathers described whether and how they socialized their sons versus daughters about education, their futures, and racism and discrimination. Across these three domains, most parents reported that they did not socialize their sons and daughters differently. Nonetheless, several themes emerged that illuminated race and race–gender intersectionality in parents’ socialization, both resistance and accommodation to traditional gender norms, and the role of children’s personal characteristics in parents’ socialization, with similar themes evident among parents who did and who did not report socializing sons and daughters differently. This study advances understanding of parents’ gender socialization and has implications for family-focused interventions aimed at promoting the well-being and achievement of Black American boys and girls. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: journal abstract)
The morphological evolution of shallow tidal systems strongly depends on gradients in transport that control sediment erosion and deposition. A spatially refined quantitative description of suspended ...sediment patterns and dynamics is therefore a key requirement to address issues connected with dynamical trends, responses, and conservation of these systems. Here we use a combination of numerical models of sediment transport dynamics, high temporal resolution point observations, and high spatial resolution remote sensing data to overcome the intrinsic limitations of traditional monitoring approaches and to establish the robustness of numerical models in reproducing space‐time suspended sediment concentration (SSC) patterns. The comparison of SSC distributions in the Venice Lagoon (Italy) computed with a numerical model with SSC retrievals from remote sensing data allows us to define the ability of the model to properly describe spatial patterns and gradients in the SSC fields. The use of point observations similarly allows us to constrain the model temporally, thus leading to a complete space‐time evaluation of model abilities. Our results highlight the fundamental control exerted on sediment transport intensity and patterns by the sheltering effect associated with artificial and natural intertidal landforms. Furthermore, we show how the stabilizing effect of benthic vegetation is a main control of sediment dynamics at the system scale, confirming a notion previously established in the laboratory or at small field scales.
Key Points
We fuse remote sensing and field data to test circulation and transport models
Natural and artificial structures affect sediment dynamics in tidal environments
Stabilizing effect of benthic vegetation is a main control of sediment dynamics
Anti-Black Structural Racism Goes Online Volpe, Vanessa V.; Hoggard, Lori S.; Willis, Henry A. ...
Ethnicity & disease,
05/2021, Letnik:
31, Številka:
Suppl 1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Anti-Black racism is an established social determinant of racial health disparities in the United States. Although the majority of research on racism examines in-person individual-level experiences, ...a majority of Americans engage online and may therefore be exposed to racism directly or indirectly in online contexts. Research suggests that the structural technological features of online contexts may be especially powerful in perpetuating and enacting racism, often in inconspicuous or automated ways. However, there is a paucity of literature that articulates how structural online racism may be an important catalyst for racial health disparities, despite emerging evidence of racism embedded in our technological infrastructures. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to articulate the basis for investigating online racism as a form of structural racism with growing implications for racial health disparities in the digital age. We first define the structural features of online settings that generate and reinforce inequities among racial groups in the United States. Next, we propose a conceptual model detailing potential mechanisms through which structural online racism may translate into racial health disparities. Finally, we discuss ways in which exposures to online racism could be measured in order to capture their structural nature. Implications and future directions for research on online racism as a form of structural racism and corresponding policy for the reduction of racial health disparities are highlighted.
Black individuals face psychological distress resulting from lifetime experiences of racial discrimination, and these experiences may be especially harmful to Black college students as they forge ...their social identities. One way to examine psychological distress induced by racial discrimination is by assessing affect reactivity, or the degree to which aspects of individuals' mood changes in response to a stressor. This quantitative investigation examines the association between lifetime racial discrimination frequency and stress responses to acute racial discrimination via two aspects of affect reactivity, valence and arousal, and if coping strategies moderate this association. A sample of 239 Black college students (Mage = 19.59, SDage = 2.15, 68.6% female) completed an online questionnaire that included measures of racial discrimination, coping, and demographics. They then attended a laboratory visit during which their affective responses to a stress task were collected. Regression analyses indicated an interaction between lifetime racial discrimination and social support coping on arousal reactivity in response to acute racial discrimination. For individuals who reported low levels of social support coping, more frequent lifetime racial discrimination was associated with a decrease in arousal. For individuals who reported high levels of social support coping, more frequent lifetime racial discrimination was associated with an increase in arousal. Implications for the mental health of Black college students exposed to racial discrimination and avenues for further investigation are discussed.
Public Policy Relevance Statement
Black college students engage in various coping strategies to mitigate the psychological distress from experiencing racial discrimination. In this study, we found that, for Black college students who had frequently experienced racial discrimination over their lifetimes, high utilization of social support coping heightened emotional arousal in response to a new instance of racial discrimination. This study highlights the need to consider the nuanced ways that social support might impact Black college students' emotional stress responses when devising programs and policies to support the mental health of this population.
The Environmental Affordances Model theorizes that systemic racism disproportionately exposes African Americans in the United States to chronic everyday stressors (e.g., individual racism) while ...simultaneously shaping the availability of coping resources (e.g., fast food outlets) and engagement in self-regulatory strategies (e.g., emotional eating). Greater engagement in self-regulatory strategies is theorized to preserve mental health while contributing to medical morbidities and mortality.
However, few studies have tested the Environmental Affordances Model, limiting our understanding of how the proposed pathways operate in the lives of African Americans.
In the present study, the associations between systemic racism (institutional racism, cultural racism, neighborhood disadvantage), chronic everyday stressors (exposure to individual racism), emotional eating, and mental (anxiety symptomatology) and physical (self-rated overall physical health) health are assessed in a sample of 751 African Americans aged 18 to 88.
The path analysis reveals that institutional and cultural racism are both positively associated with individual racism. Neighborhood disadvantage is inversely associated with individual racism. Individual racism is significantly associated with greater anxiety symptomatology but is unrelated to self-rated overall physical health. Institutional and cultural racism are associated with emotional eating although individual racism and neighborhood disadvantage are not. Moreover, engagement in emotional eating exacerbates, rather than mitigates, the impacts of individual racism on anxiety symptomatology.
We conclude that institutional and cultural racism contribute to individual racism experiences and emotional eating whereas emotional eating exacerbates associations among individual racism and anxiety symptomatology.
•Systemic racism is associated with individual racism.•Systemic racism (except for neighborhood disadvantage) relates to emotional eating.•Individual racism is associated with anxiety symptoms but not emotional eating.•Emotional eating moderates the link between individual racism and anxiety symptoms.•Individual racism and emotional eating are unrelated to physical health.
Black students attending predominantly White institutions face racism in residence halls. Although research suggests that Black students create communities that help them thrive on campus despite ...this racism, little work has examined students' experiences with affinity housing as one such Black-centered residential counter space. Therefore, we investigated the lived experiences of Black college students in a Black affinity house at a predominantly White institution. In this study, semistructured interviews were used to capture the experiences of 13 Black student and alumni residents. We utilized conventional content analysis in a qualitative descriptive design to summarize participants' experiences with Black-centered affinity housing. Categories of experiences that support affinity housing as a counter space included the following: home and family, diversity of the Black experience and intersectionality, and collective empowerment and campus involvement. Students also noted concerns about institutional commitment to and maintenance of the affinity house. Black-centered affinity housing may be one valuable counter space for institutions to offer. Such a space may bolster the thriving of Black college students on campus.
Stress due to discrimination may contribute to physiological dysregulation and health risk during the postnatal period. This study examined longitudinal associations between gender discrimination and ...women’s cortisol responses to subsequent stress. Mothers (N = 79) reported gender discrimination and completed mother-infant stress tasks with saliva sampling for cortisol at 6, 12, and 18 months postnatal. Multilevel modeling results indicated more overall gender discrimination was associated with higher cortisol. Changes in gender discrimination were not associated with cortisol over time. Gender discrimination may be a factor in women’s postnatal stress and associated health risk via the sensitization of physiological stress responses.
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