We outline the experimental concept and key scientific capabilities of AION (Atom Interferometer Observatory and Network), a proposed experimental programme using cold strontium atoms to search for ...ultra-light dark matter, to explore gravitational waves in the mid-frequency range between the peak sensitivities of the LISA and LIGO/Virgo/ KAGRA/INDIGO/Einstein Telescope/Cosmic Explorer experiments, and to probe other frontiers in fundamental physics. AION would complement other planned searches for dark matter, as well as probe mergers involving intermediate-mass black holes and explore early-universe cosmology. AION would share many technical features with the MAGIS experimental programme, and synergies would flow from operating AION in a network with this experiment, as well as with other atom interferometer experiments such as MIGA, ZAIGA and ELGAR. Operating AION in a network with other gravitational wave detectors such as LIGO, Virgo and LISA would also offer many synergies.
Abstract
This article details the design of a silicon based polarimeter for use in a prototype storage ring for proton EDM (Electric Dipole Moment) studies. The polarimeter consists of layers of LGAD ...(Low Gain Avalanche Diode) sensors for a low material budget, time-of-flight measurement and complemented with HV-CMOS (High Voltage CMOS) sensors for accurate scattering angle measurement and tracking. This design has the objective to optimize the polarization measurement of protons with energy 30–45 MeV. Simulations show that the excellent time resolution of LGAD sensors provides a sufficient energy resolution to meet the experiment specifications. HV-CMOS sensors are included to provide complementary spatial resolution with minimal additional material budget. The simulations show that the detector configuration is capable of measuring the scattering angle of a proton scattered off a carbon target to just a few hundredths of a degree. The time-of-flight measurement performance is demonstrated with lab experiments using electrons from a Sr90 source.
Abstract
HV-CMOS (High Voltage-CMOS) sensors are emerging as a prime candidate for future tracking detectors that have extreme requirements on material budget, pixel granularity, time resolution and ...radiation tolerance. These sensors have the advantages of full monolithic structure, low manufacture cost, fast charge collection and high radiation tolerance. Confirmed and potential tracking applications in physics experiments include the Mu3e experiment, proton EDM searches, future upgrades of LHC (Large Hadron Collider) and CEPC (Circular Electron Positron Collider). The HV-CMOS group at Liverpool is doing generic R&D to push the boundaries of HV-CMOS sensors performance, especially in terms of single point resolution, fast-timing capability and radiation tolerance. This contribution gives an overview of the latest research by the Liverpool HV-CMOS group and presents the HV-CMOS prototypes developed in Liverpool.
HV-CMOS sensors can offer important advantages in terms of material budget, granularity and cost for large area tracking systems in high energy physics experiments. This article presents the design ...and simulated results of an HV-CMOS pixel demonstrator for the High Luminosity-LHC. The pixel demonstrator has been designed in the 0.35 mum HV-CMOS process from ams AG and submitted for fabrication through an engineering run. To improve the response of the sensor, different wafers with moderate to high substrate resistivities are used to fabricate the design. The prototype consists of four large analog and standalone matrices with several pixel flavours, which are all compatible for readout with the FE-I4 ASIC. Details about the matrices and the pixel flavours are provided in this article.
This article presents the first measured results from the H35DEMO pixel demonstrator. The H35DEMO is a prototype ASIC in the 0.35 μm High Voltage-CMOS (HV-CMOS) process from ams aimed at proving that ...HV-CMOS sensor technologies are suitable as tracking detectors for the ATLAS High Luminosity-LHC (HL-LHC) upgrade. The prototype was fabricated in an engineering run, in which wafers with four different substrate resistivities, ranging from the standard value of 20 Ωċcm to a high value of 1 kΩċcm, were used to increase the depletion region of the sensor. The prototype includes four large area matrices and a few test structures. New experimental set-ups have been developed to measure the ASIC with radioactive sources and laser beams. The experimental set-ups and the measured results obtained will be discussed in this article.
Due to their advantages in comparison to other state-of-the-art sensor technologies, High Voltage-Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (HV-MAPS) are making their way into experiments in particle physics. ...The Mu3e MuPix tracker represents the first use of HV-MAPS sensors in a particle physics experiment. The development of HV-MAPS is also being pursued in light of a possible application of this technology in the Inner Tracker (ITk) of the ATLAS detector Phase-II Upgrade at the High Luminosity-Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) and in the vertex detector of the proposed Compact LInear Collider (CLIC). This paper describes the latest developments at the detector level made by the Mu3e, ATLAS HV-CMOS/HV-MAPS and RD50 collaborations.
Monolithic active pixel sensors (MAPS) based on commercial high-voltage CMOS processes are an exciting technology that is considered as an option for the ATLAS Inner Tracker upgrade. Particles are ...detected using deep n-wells on a p-type substrate as sensor diodes with the depleted region extending into the silicon bulk. With readout electronics and sensor integrated on the same device, the detector complexity and the material budget are greatly reduced. The ATLASPix1 pixel sensor prototype is a large-scale MAPS prototype that implements the full readout chain on a single physical chip. It features a large in-pixel sensor electrode and is produced using the ams aH18 high voltage technology. Three pixel matrices with different readout architectures, triggered and untriggered, and pixel designs are implemented. We show the performance of one of the pixel matrix variants for samples irradiated up to 1015 1MeV meq/cm2.
HV-CMOS pixel sensors are a promising option for the tracker upgrade of the ATLAS experiment at the LHC, as well as for other future tracking applications in which large areas are to be instrumented ...with radiation-tolerant silicon pixel sensors. We present results of testbeam characterisations of the 4th generation of Capacitively Coupled Pixel Detectors (CCPDv4) produced with the ams H18 HV-CMOS process that have been irradiated with different particles (reactor neutrons and 18 MeV protons) to fluences between 1×1014 and 5×10151−MeV−neq. The sensors were glued to ATLAS FE-I4 pixel readout chips and measured at the CERN SPS H8 beamline using the FE-I4 beam telescope. Results for all fluences are very encouraging with all hit efficiencies being better than 97% for bias voltages of 85V. The sample irradiated to a fluence of 1×1015neq—a relevant value for a large volume of the upgraded tracker—exhibited 99.7% average hit efficiency. The results give strong evidence for the radiation tolerance of HV-CMOS sensors and their suitability as sensors for the experimental HL-LHC upgrades and future large-area silicon-based tracking detectors in high-radiation environments.
Objectives
The classical multidrug resistance (MDR) gene MDR1 (ABCB1) encodes for the drug efflux pump P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp). P‐gp expression is an adverse prognostic factor for treatment outcome in ...acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and is more frequently observed in older patients. Single‐nucleotide polymorphisms of the ABCB1 gene, C1236T, G2677T, and C3435T, have been associated with altered drug metabolism and treatment outcome. We prospectively determined these single‐nucleotide polymorphisms in AML blasts in a cohort of patients aged 60 years or older with AML and evaluated their relevance with regard to P‐gp function and expression, ABCB1 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression, and clinical outcome.
Methods
We have analyzed purified bone marrow‐derived leukemic blasts, obtained at diagnosis, in 150 patients who were treated within a multicenter, randomized, phase 3 trial of elderly patients with AML. The significance of the allelic ABCB1 variants of C1236T, G2677T, and C3435T was evaluated with respect to P‐gp expression and function in leukemic blasts and ABCB1 mRNA expression levels, and these values were correlated with treatment outcome.
Results
P‐gp function and expression in leukemic blasts and ABCB1 mRNA levels in patients with AML did not vary significantly among any of the allelic variants of ABCB1. None of these allelic variations predicted a difference in complete response rate and survival endpoints.
Conclusions
In AML patients aged 60 years or older, allelic ABCB1 variations of C1236T, G2677T, or C3435T are not associated with altered P‐gp function or with MDR1 expression at the transcriptional or translational level in leukemic blasts, and they do not significantly affect clinical prognosis.
Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2006) 80, 427–439; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2006.07.005
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