The population of the Peregrine Falcon
in the Czech Republic recovered from a nearly total extinction during the 1960s and 1980s (03 breeding pairs) and the first successful breeding after this ...interval was confirmed in 1995. The increase of the population size accelerated after 2000 and it is still growing despite the limited amount of suitable natural breeding opportunities. There were 89 known pairs in 2016, 70 of them were proven to breed with altogether at least 121 reared young. Several breeding attempts on historical buildings in citycentres were recorded up to 2002 (in Prague and Pilsen), but this breeding habitat was abandoned later. More and more pairs are nowadays breeding on industrial buildings. The first breeding on a power plant chimney, 300m above the ground was discovered in 2010. Moreover, 16 breeding pairs were found on industrial buildings in 2016 (mainly tall chimneys or cooling towers and powerplant buildings), all of them breeding in nest boxes. The colonization of industrial buildings started in western part of the Czech Republic and continues eastwards every year. Currently, the easternmost colonized building is in Mladá Boleslav. We have no recent treebreeding pairs and all eight published historical cases are at least doubtful. Most of the observed Peregrines ringed abroad came from Germany, indicating a strong influence of German population on restoration of the population in the Czech Republic. Within these recoveries, some of Peregrines were released in the treebreeding population restoration project in Germany and Poland, but all these birds bred on rocks.
Black Storks Ciconia nigra breeding in Europe use two main migratory routes to winter in Africa: a western route over Gibraltar and an eastern route through Turkey and Israel. A broad area of ...migratory divide exists in central Europe. We examined cases from the Czech Republic wherein siblings from one nest used different migration routes. We found 20 such cases associated with 18 nests distributed throughout the entire territory of the Czech Republic. Moreover, one bird hatched in 2007 used the western migration route in 2007 and the eastern one in 2009. The actual geographical position of a juvenile Black Stork from an area of migratory divide in the autumn period of migratory restlessness (after the dispersal period) influences the decision to choose the western or eastern direction of migration. We also propose that Black Storks that are older than one year and therefore with experience of past migrations could decide their direction of autumn migration and be followed by inexperienced juvenile Black Storks. Siblings originating from an area of migratory divide can commonly use both main migration routes.
In the period 1964-2007, data on 1472 ex. of prey was acquired from whole Slovakia. It was confirmed that the location of the breeding population on the foothills and mountains of the Carpathian Arc ...has a cardinal contribution to diet diversity. The breeding sites and hunting-grounds were found from 100 to 1 000 meters above sea level. The dominant part of the diet created mammalian species (88.11 %, 19 species and Sorex sp., Apodemus sp., undetermined Artiodactyla). Birds were less represented but with higher diversity of species (6.25 %, 24 species and Columba sp., undetermined Passeriformes). In comparison with birds, the share of Amphibia, Reptilia and Pisces together (4.89 %, 5 species and Rana sp., Lacerta sp., undetermined Serpentes and Reptilia) was lower. Pisces constituted only 0.007 % with 1 ex. of prey species Cyprinus carpio. Evertebrata constituted 0.75 % and species from orders Orthoptera, Coleoptera, and Diptera were found. The dominant prey of A. pomarina in Slovakia was Microtus arvalis (69.57 %), followed by Arvicola terrestris (5.16 %) and Microtus agrestis (3.94 %) constituting significantly lower proportion. These three species from the category small rodents composed 75.67 % of diet. Less abundant species in range 2.24-1.00 % were Talpa europaea (2.31 %), Rana temporaria (2.24 %), Cricetus cricetus (1.70 %), Phasianus colchicus (1.15 %), and Lepus europaeus (1.09 %). In lesser extent (1.0-0.5 %) also other mammalian species such as Apodemus flavicollis (0.88 %) and Mustela nivalis (0.88 %) were represented. The most frequently encountered birds were Galliformes such as P. colchicus (1.15 %), Gallus gallus domesticus (0.48 %), and Coturnix coturnix (0.54 %). Other more abundant prey bird species were Alauda arvensis (0.48 %), Columba sp. (0.48 %), and Crex crex (0.34 %). From the class Reptilia relatively high share of Anguis fragilis (0.95 %) and Lacerta sp. (0.68 %; most probably Lacerta agilis) were recorded. Other species with representation lower than 0.3 % were a random prey of A. pomarina.
V rokoch 1964-2007 sa získali údaje o 1472 kusoch koristi z celého Slovenska. Potvrdilo sa, že zásadný podiel na diverzite potravy má situovanie hniezdnej populácie do predhorí a pohorí Karpatského oblúka. Hniezdiská a loviská sa zistili v nadmorských výškach od 100-1000 m. Dominantnú zložku tvorili cicavce (88,11 %, 19 druhov a Sorex sp., Apodemus sp., neurčené Artiodactyla). Vtáky sú zastúpené oveľa menej početne, no s väčšou druhovou diverzitou (6,25 %, 24 druhov a Columba sp., neurčené Passeriformes). V menšej miere v porovnaní s vtákmi je zastúpenie spoločnej skupiny Amphibia, Reptilia a Pisces (4,89 %, 5 druhov a Rana sp., Lacerta sp., neurčené Serpentes a Reptilia). Z toho Pisces tvorili len 0,007 % s jediným kusom koristi druhu Cyprinus carpio. Evertebrata tvorili 0,75 %, tvorených zástupcami radov Orthoptera, Coleoptera a Diptera. Dominantnou korisťou A. pomarina na Slovensku je hraboš poľný (Microtus arvalis, 69,57 %), po ňom nasleduje so značným odstupom hryzec vodný (Arvicola terrestris, 5,16 %) a hraboš močiarny (Microtus agrestis, 3,94 %). Tieto tri druhy z kategórie drobných hlodavcov tvorili 75,67 % potravy. Menej početnými druhmi zistenými v potrave v rozsahu 2,24-1,00 % boli krt obyčajný (Talpa europaea, 2,31 %), skokan hnedý (Rana temporaria, 2,24 %), chrček poľný (Cricetus cricetus, 1,70 %), bažant poľovný (Phasianus colchicus, 1,15 %) a zajac poľný (Lepus europaeus, 1,09 %). Z ostatných cicavcov sa v menšej miere (1,0-0,5 %) vyskytovali ryšavka žltohrdlá (Apodemus flavicollis, 0,88 %) a lasica myšožravá (Mustela nivalis, 0,88 %). Z vtákov boli najčastejšie zastúpené kurotvaré (Galliformes), a to bažant poľovný (P. colchicus, 1,15 %), kura domáca (Gallus gallus dom., 0,48 %) a prepelica poľná (Coturnix coturnix, 0,54 %). Ďalšie početnejšie lovené druhy vtákov boli škovránok poľný (Alauda arvensis, 0,48 %), holuby (Columba sp., 0,48 %) a chriašteľ poľný (Crex crex, 0,34 %). Z triedy Reptilia sa zistilo pomerne vysoké zastúpenie u slepúcha lámavého (Anguis fragilis, 0,95 %) a jašterice (Lacerta sp., 0,68 %; s najväčšou pravdepodobnosťou jašterica krátkohlavá, Lacerta agilis). Ostatné druhy s dominanciou pod 0,3 % sú náhodnou korisťou A. pomarina.
In Slovakia during 2000-2008, 636 Lesser Spotted Eagles (Aquila pomarina) were marked with readable colour rings with double figure code. This is the highest number of Lesser Spotted Eagles marked in ...such a way in Europe. From this sample, 621 ind. (97.6 %) were chicks at the nest and 15 ind. (2.4 %) were adult birds which were trapped and consequently ringed. In this period, 2 colour series of rings have been used in Slovakia. In 2000 the ringing started with yellow rings, and up until the end of 2008, 631 ex. (616 young and 15 adults) were ringed. In 2008, the ringing started with light blue series of rings and 5 young at the nest were ringed. In addition to readable rings, aluminium ornithological rings of the Ringing Centres of Czech Republic (NM Praha) and Slovakia (NM Bratislava) have been used. The yellow series was used in fewer numbers also in Germany and Poland for marking the Lesser Spotted Eagle (Aquila pomarina), the Greater Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga), and eventually their hybrids. In this article the authors reported first observations in Slovakia of such marked Lesser Spotted Eagles in the field. Observed eagles were 1, 2, 4, 5, 7 and 8 years old. Some of them were already breeding and were observed taking care of their chicks.
V rokoch 2000-2008 sa na Slovensku označilo farebnými odčítateľnými krúžkami s dvojmiestným kódom spolu 636 jedincov orlov krikľavých (Aquila pomarina), čo je najviac takto označených orlov krikľavých v Európe. Z tohto počtu bolo 621 ex. (97,6 %) mláďat na hniezde a 15 ex. (2,4 %) adultných vtákov, ktoré sa odchytili a následne okrúžkovali. V uvedenom období sa použili na Slovensku dve série farebných krúžkov. Žltými krúžkami sa začalo krúžkovať v roku 2000, do konca roku 2008 sa nimi označilo 631 jedincov (616 mláďat a 15 adultných jedincov). Svetlomodrou sériou krúžkov sa začalo krúžkovať v roku 2008 a označilo sa nimi 5 mláďat na hniezde. Súbežne s odčítateľnými krúžkami sa používali aj klasické ornitologické krúžky krúžkovacích staníc v Čechách (NM Praha) a na Slovensku (NM Bratislava). Žltá séria sa v menšej miere použila aj v Nemecku a Poľsku na označenie orla krikľavého (Aquila pomarina), orla hrubozobého (Aquila clanga), prípadne ich hybridov. V predloženom článku autori uvádzajú prvé pozorovania takto označených orlov krikľavých vo voľnej prírode na Slovensku. Pozorované orly boli vo veku 1, 2, 4, 5, 7 a 8 rokov od ich vyliahnutia. V niektorých prípadoch to už boli hniezdiace jedince zastihnuté pri odchovávaní svojich mláďat.
Abstract
Polyhedral boranes and heteroboranes appear almost exclusively as neutral or anionic species, while the cationic ones are protonated at exoskeletal heteroatoms or they are instable. Here we ...report the reactivity of 10-vertex
closo
-dicarbadecaboranes with one or two equivalents of
N
-heterocyclic carbene to 10-vertex
nido
mono- and/or bis-carbene adducts, respectively. These complexes easily undergo a reaction with HCl to give cages of stable and water soluble 10-vertex
nido
-type cations with protonation in the form of a BHB bridge or 10-vertex
closo
-type cations containing one carbene ligand when originating from
closo
-1,10-dicarbadecaborane. The reaction of a 10-vertex
nido
mono-carbene adduct with phosphorus trichloride gives
nido
-11-vertex 2-phospha-7,8-dicarbaundecaborane, which undergoes an oxidation of the phosphorus atom to P = O, while the product of a bis-carbene adduct reaction is best described as a distorted C
2
B
6
H
8
fragment bridged by the (BH)
2
PCl
2
+
moiety.
Modern computational protocols based on the density functional theory (DFT) infer that polyhedral
ten-vertex carboranes are key starting stationary states in obtaining ten-vertex cationic carboranes. ...The rearrangement of the bicapped square polyhedra into decaborane-like shapes with open hexagons in boat conformations is caused by attacks of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) on the
motifs. Single-point computations on the stationary points found during computational examinations of the reaction pathways have clearly shown that taking the "experimental" NHCs into account requires the use of dispersion correction. Further examination has revealed that for the purposes of the description of reaction pathways in their entirety, i.e., together with all transition states and intermediates, a simplified model of NHCs is sufficient. Many of such transition states resemble in their shapes those that dictate
-rearrangement among various isomers of
ten-vertex carboranes. Computational results are in very good agreement with the experimental findings obtained earlier.
Modern computational protocols based on the density functional theory (DFT) infer that polyhedral closo ten-vertex carboranes are key starting stationary states in obtaining ten-vertex cationic ...carboranes. The rearrangement of the bicapped square polyhedra into decaborane-like shapes with open hexagons in boat conformations is caused by attacks of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) on the closo motifs. Single-point computations on the stationary points found during computational examinations of the reaction pathways have clearly shown that taking the "experimental" NHCs into account requires the use of dispersion correction. Further examination has revealed that for the purposes of the description of reaction pathways in their entirety, i.e., together with all transition states and intermediates, a simplified model of NHCs is sufficient. Many of such transition states resemble in their shapes those that dictate Z-rearrangement among various isomers of closo ten-vertex carboranes. Computational results are in very good agreement with the experimental findings obtained earlier.
The 12-X-closo-SB11H10 (X = H or I) thiaboranes react with one or two molar equivalents of various N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) to give the deprotonated 12-vertex species of ...12-X-SB11H9·NHC−NHC-H+composition as kinetic products. The use of one molar equivalent of a sterically more hindered NHC reactant leads to the formation of 12-X-SB11H10·NHC adducts with a heavily distorted cage and the nido electron count. Further reaction of 12-I-SB11H10·NHC to deboronated 12-X-SB10H9·NHC proceeds in acetone to complete the closo–nido reaction pathway under the thermodynamic control. The structures of all compounds have been investigated by NMR spectroscopy and diffraction techniques. The results are supported by theoretical methods.
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