This study was conducted among 137 male students (average age 16.1) of a vocational high school via an online questionnaire concerning online schooling, PE class participation and participation in ...recreational (leisure) activities before and during the pandemic lockdown. According to the p-value of the Wilcoxon test (p=0.014), the mean value (3.92:3.61), the mode value (4:3) and the frequency of the mode value (46:48) for the observed variables, the students attended PE classes when they were held regularly significantly more than online PE class. Furthermore, the p-value of the Wilcoxon test (p=0.003), the mean (3.72:3.41), the mode (5:3) and the frequency of the mode (57:46) value indicated that students were significantly more engaged in recreational activities before the lockdown than during the lockdown. In order to encourage physical activity during online schooling, a few possible solutions are presented.Key words: corona virus; physical activity; sedentary behaviour; screen time; youth. --- U ovom istraživanju sudjelovalo je 137 učenika muškoga spola (prosječna dob 16,1) srednje strukovne škole putem upitnika koji se odnosio na online nastavu, sudjelovanja na nastavi Tjelesne i zdravstvene kulture prije i tijekom općega zatvaranja izazvanog koronavirusom, te bavljenje rekreacijskim aktivnostima prije i tijekom općeg zatvaranja. Prema p-vrijednosti Wilcoxonova testa (p = 0,014), aritmetičkoj sredini (3,92 : 3,61), modu (4 : 3) i frekvenciji moda (46 : 48) promatranih varijabli, učenici su pohađali značajno više nastavu Tjelesne i zdravstvene kulture kad se održavala normalno u odnosu na online nastavu. Nadalje, p-vrijednost Wilcoxonova testa (p = 0,003), aritmetička sredina (3,72 : 3,41), mod (5 : 3) i frekvencija moda (57 : 46) upućivali su na značajno veće sudjelovanje u rekreacijskim aktivnostima prije zatvaranja nego tijekom zatvaranja. S ciljem povećanja tjelesne aktivnosti tijekom online nastave, predloženo je nekoliko mogućih rješenja.Ključne riječi: koronavirus; tjelesna aktivnost; sjedilačko ponašanje; vrijeme uz ekran; mladi
The intention of this study was to find out if external focus of attention, steering the archers’ focus on distal movement effects, will provide better shooting accuracy expressed as higher number of ...10 points and higher overall result. The subject sample was consisted of 10 elite male archers, with average age 25.8 years. The sample of variables was derived from observed characteristics of entities in different shooting conditions. A measure of arrow distance from the center of the target face was used in order to estimate shooting precision. The testing consisted of three different shooting conditions: C1- free focus of attention, C2 – internal focus of attention and C3 – external focus of attention. The analysis showed that the highest results were obtained in condition of externally oriented focus of attention (C3), and the lowest results in condition of internally oriented focus of attention (C2). Friedman’s ANOVA did not show statistical differences between the conditions, but they were found between C2 and C3 in afterwards administered Wilcoxon’s test (p=0.047).
The advancement of technology and its easy access contributed to the everyday use of different technical aids in all aspects of human society as an essential asset for work. In the area of education, ...especially within physical exercising, for information transfer and familiarizing with the new task at hand, the most common way of introducing a new task is live demonstration. A video demonstration is especially interesting as a mean of transferring information. Model learning cannot be considered as a simple imitation within specific area of motor behavior, hence it is a process in which a subject observes the model behavior and adjusts it to his/her's performance as a result of an interaction (Horn i Williams, 2004). It is an effective method used for learning simple and complex motor tasks, and observational practice if used with physical performance of the task significantly contributes to the learning of observed skills (Wulf, Shea i Lewthwaite, 2010). An expert video demonstration or direct demonstration is the most common way of giving instructions while learning motor tasks (Doussoulin i Rehbein, 2011). The use and practical application of expert video demonstration was confirmed in other areas as well. Research of video demonstration effectiveness in learning different skills as well as comparison with other ways of learning were conducted in medical students, nurses, in learning social skills in children with development difficulties, students with emotional problems in behavior, in children aged 12 to 18. The main goal of this paper was a review of literature considering video demonstration as a means of information feedback for facilitated learning of certain motor tasks in particular field of kinesiology.
The first aim of the study was to determine if there are significant gender differences in newly applied motor skills tests in primary-school children concerning the protocol applied. The second aim ...was to determine how the newly implemented protocol using a video demonstration of the task affects the differences in outcome between boys and girls compared to the standard motor skills assessment protocol without a video demonstration. The total number of participants was 327, consisting of 186 boys and 141 girls aged 10.5 years. The students were divided into two subgroups based on the protocol applied. The sample of variables consisted of four motor skills assessment tests: the shuttle-run, partial curl-up, 90° push-ups, back-saver sit-and-reach (right and left leg) tests. A three-factor variance analysis investigated the effects of protocol and gender on the result in each test. Statistically significant differences between boys and girls were obtained in the initial measurement and after applying the protocols in the mentioned tests. In the back-saver sit-and-reach (right leg) test, the difference was not significant in the initial measurement with the standard protocol, while it was significant after it was applied. In the curl-up test, there were no differences in scores between boys and girls when using both protocols. Differences in the outcomes after the application of the video demonstration protocol were evident in both genders, and a markedly significant increase occurred in the application of the tests 90° push-ups and curl-up tests, which assess strength.
The studies confirm that instructions and feedback that induce external focus of attention (oriented on movement outcome) result with greater efficiency in motor performance and learning regarding ...internal focus of attention (oriented on bodily dimensions). Advantages and differences between external and internal focus of attention have been proved also in different levels of sport and recreational expertise. In this study, 10 recreational archers were tested in three different conditions: C1 - freely oriented focus of attention, C2 – internally oriented focus of attention, and C3 – externally oriented focus of attention. The subjects first undertook the C1 condition, and afterwards the next two conditions were randomly decided. According to the hypothesis, the main goal was to investigate the effect of external and internal focus of attention on precision of the shots. According to the results, in externally focused condition, recreational archers had better results than in other conditions with higher number of 9 points and lesser number of misses. Based on findings from this paper, adopting an external focus of attention should be beneficial for the shot precision, self-fulfillment and feelings of accomplishment in recreational archers.
The main purpose of this paper was to present single channel EEG records and heart rate (HR) changes during shooting routine of 8 experienced archers. Possible differences between recurve and ...compound shooters in named values were investigated in accordance to arrow score. Additional contribution of this study was systematical review of psychophysiological studies done in archery. Descriptive statistics revealed that compound shooters achieved higher arrow score values, had higher heart rate values pre, during and post shooting, had higher attention values pre, during and post shooting and very similar meditation values pre, during and post shooting according to recurve shooters. ANOVA showed significant differences (p<0,01) between compound shooters and recurve shooters in variables of arrow score, all heart rate and attention level variables, except ones concerning meditation levels. Overall, the obtained results were interesting and can serve as a starting ground for future experiments in order to reach valid and concrete biofeedback data that will support archery excellence.Original Abstract: Cilj ovog rada bila je prezentacija vrijednostije dnokanalnog mobilnog EEG-a i vrijednosti frekvencije srca tijekom gaethanja 8 vrsnih strelicara. Istrazivane su potencijalne razlike u navedenim varijablama u odnosu na postignuti rezultat izmeethu dvije vrste strelicara: sa zakrivljenim i slozenim lukom. Dodatna vrijednost ovog rada je i pregled svih radova koji se ticu psihofizioloskih mjera unutar strelicarstva. Deskriptivna statistika pokazala je kako strelicari sa slozenim lukom postizu bolje pogotke, imaju vise vrijednosti frekvencije srca prije, tijekom i nakon otpustanja/okidanja, imaju vise vrijednosti koncentracije/paznje prije, tijekom i nakon otpustanja/okidanja, i vrlo slicne vrijednosti opustenosti prije, tijekom i nakon otpustanja/okidanja u odnosu na strelicare sa zakrivljenim lukom. ANOVA je pokazala znacajne razlike (p<0,01) izmeethu strelicara sa slozenim i zakrivljenim lukom u varijablama vrijednosti pogotka,frekvencije srca i nivoa koncentracije/paznje. Zakljucno,dobiveni rezultati su zanimjivi i mogu posluziti kao osnova za buduca istrazivanja kako bi se dobili konkretni i pouzdani biofeedback protokoli koji ce poboljsati ukupnu strelicarsku izvedbu.
Sports recreation area is on this issue largely ignored due to the lack of doping controls in the same extremely nontransparent terms. ...the work is on the one hand aimed at the general empirical ...clarification of the use of (not) allowed agents among recreationists, while the other side wants to empirically examine their motives for use. ...this paper addresses the issue of how to use permissible and impermissible supplementation. Gender and age differences in the relationship between Body Mass Index and perceived weight: Gender differences in relationships among perceived attractiveness, life satisfaction, and health in adults as a function of Body Mass Index and perceived weight.
The main objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and frequency of use (not) allowed supplementation among recreational users and other forms of fitness and recreational content. ...Domestic and foreign literature clearly indicates the existence of (not) allowed supplementation in sports recreation. It should be noted that the problem of using illegal supplementation in sport, in most of the literature generally, considered in the context of doping in professional sports. Sports recreation area is on this issue largely ignored due to the lack of doping controls in the same extremely nontransparent terms. Therefore, the work is on the one hand aimed at the general empirical clarification of the use of (not) allowed agents among recreationists, while the other side wants to empirically examine their motives for use. These findings ultimately serve the development of preventive and educational guidelines aimed at reducing the use of illegal supplementation. As permitted use of supplementation ( nutritional supplements ) according to the latest research (e.g. Kläber 2010a , 2010b ) is often only the first stage on the way to the use of illegal supplementation ( doping ), it is necessary to analyze the use of illegal supplementation in sports and recreation including an analysis of the use of permitted supplementation. Therefore, this paper addresses the issue of how to use permissible and impermissible supplementation.
The number of familiarization sessions in fitness assessments seems to be critical and inconsistent. Therefore, the primary aim of this research was to determine the number of familiarization ...attempts that stabilize the results in particular physical fitness tests. The secondary aim was to establish the test reliability through familiarization sessions.
Thirty-nine primary school children participated in this research (age: 10.8 years, body mass: 40.6 ± 8.9 kg, and body height: 145.3 ± 7.2 cm). During six sessions, with one session every third day, participants performed the following tests to assess explosive strength (vertical jump and standing long jump), coordination (polygon backward and polygon with turn) and flexibility (toe touch).
The results of repeated analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that there were significant increases (p < .05) in the polygon backward and polygon with turn performances from the first to third familiarization session. The standard error of measurement decreased as sessions progressed, indicating little within subject variation between the coordination test results following a familiarization period. Statistically significant differences were identified in the vertical jump test from the fourth test session compared with the first session. On the other hand, statistically significant differences for the standing long jump test were only found in the final session compared with the initial session. In the toe touch test, there were no significant increases from the first to the final familiarization session. All tests showed high a reliability coefficients, ranging from 0.979 to 0.991.
Polygon backward and polygon with turn performance may be a practical, reliable method to assess coordination in primary school-aged children. However, completion of at least 3 practice sessions is suggested for participants to obtain a stable score. In addition, both jump tests are feasible for assessing skill-related fitness in young children, although the scientific reliability of the two tests should be questioned and the tests should be tailored to fit the age group of the children.
Napredak, pristupačnost i sve veće mogućnosti tehnike doveli su do svakodnevne primjene tehničkih pomagala kao sredstava za rad u svim područjima društvenog života. Prilikom prijenosa informacija, ...odnosno upoznavanja s novim zadatkom, osobito kod tjelesnog vježbanja, najčešće se koriste opis i „živa“ demonstracija. Posebno je zanimljiva sve veća primjena videoprikaza (videodemonstracija) kao načina prijenosa informacija. Učenje promatranjem modela ne može se smatrati jednostavnom imitacijom unutar specifičnog prostora motoričkog ponašanja, već je to proces u kojem ispitanik promatra ponašanje modela i u interakciji ga prilagođuje vlastitoj izvedbi (Horn i Williams, 2004). To je djelotvorna metoda učenja rješavanja jednostavnih i kompleksnih motoričkih zadataka, a promatranje izvedbe, ako je povezano s izvođenjem zadatka, značajno doprinosi učenju promatranih vještina (Wulf, Shea i Lewthwaite, 2010). Videoprikaz izvedbe eksperta ili izravna demonstracija najuobičajeniji je oblik davanja instrukcija tijekom učenja motoričkog zadatka (Doussoulin i Rehbein, 2011). Uporabu i praktičnu primjenu videodemonstracija ima i u drugim područjima. Istraživanja učinkovitosti videodemonstracije prilikom usvajanje raznih vještina provedena su kod studenata sestrinstva, kod učenja socijalnih vještina, najčešće kod djece s poteškoćama u razvoju, studenata s emocionalnim poteškoćama i poteškoćama u ponašanju, kod djece u dobi od 12 do 18 mjeseci, i kod djece koja su u postupku rehabilitacije. Cilj je ovog rada prikazati istraživanja u kojima je primjenjivana videodemonstracija kao način pružanja informacija za olakšavanje usvajanje određenih motoričkih zadataka u pojedinim poljima kineziologije.
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