V članku obravnavamo nacionalne stereotipe, ki jih najdemo v angleških in slovenskih izlastnoimenskih frazemih z etnonimi ali njihovimi izpeljankami. Naš namen je pojasniti razloge, zakaj so se v ...angleščini oz. slovenščini v določenem časovnem obdobju pojavili stereotipni pogledi na druge narode. Na podlagi konkretnih primerov frazemov razlagamo njihovo (pretežno negativno) konotacijo. Ugotavljamo, da so angleški frazemi z etnonimi posledica zgodovinskih odnosov Angležev z drugimi (večinoma) evropskimi narodi, ki so jih imeli Angleži za sovražnike ali tekmece, slovenski frazemi z etnonimi pa so lahko rezultat prevzemanja izraza kot takega iz nemščine ali pa odraz stereotipnih predstav Slovencev o drugih narodih in ne odraz rivalstva med Slovenci in drugimi narodi.
V članku je na kratko predstavljena zgodovina slovenskega priseljevanja v ZDA. Sledi analiza šestih slovarjev in priročnikov, objavljenih med letoma 1895 in 1919, ki so bili slovenskim izseljencem v ...ZDA v pomoč pri učenju in razumevanju angleščine ter pri prilagajanju novemu kulturnemu okolju. Avtorice v raziskavi ugotavljajo, katere vrste informacij so bile izseljencem na voljo v preučevanih slovarjih in priročnikih (npr. razlaga izgovora angleških besed, razlaga angleške slovnice, koristni pogosti komunikacijski obrazci, navodila za naturalizacijo, pojasnila o poimenovanju in vrednosti ameriških kovancev in bankovcev, različni oglasi).
Language and culture are closely connected, which is clearly reflected in many phraseological units (PUs). PUs are rarely used outside the language community in which they developed, thus causing ...comprehension problems to non-native speakers on account of their cultural specificity. That is why dictionaries should include cultural information to enable the users to learn about the cultural background of PUs. In online bilingual phraseological dictionaries, this type of information is of secondary importance if compared with dictionary equivalents, which are of primary importance. The aim of this article is to discuss types of additional information regarded as being of secondary importance and accessible by clicking on extra buttons, the focus being on the presentation of the cultural component. The language pair of sample entries illustrating the use of extra buttons is English and Slovenian, but the same principle could be employed in other language pairs with the necessary language-specific modifications and adaptations.
This article focuses on the front matter texts of three Slovenian monolingual dictionaries: Dictionary of Standard Slovenian, Dictionary of Slovenian Synonyms and Dictionary of Legal Terminology. We ...asked thirty-two MA students of English at the University of Ljubljana to read the front matter texts and comment on intelligibility of the text, usefulness of the text from the point of view of intended users, language used in the text, examples provided to illustrate the theoretical explanation and length of the text as a whole. According to the majority of the students, the front matter texts of all three dictionaries use terminology known only to linguists. They also frequently comment on the length and complexity of sentences, information overload and the indirect inclusion of examples that illustrate the theory. Apart from being critical of the texts, they point out what they like (the front matter texts in all three dictionaries are well-structured, as they are divided into sections and subsections, thus enabling easy access to relevant information within the text) and give proposals for improvement of the text (rearrangement of various sections, the use of Slovenian terms instead of borrowings, the use of paraphrases instead of terms, shorter sentences and simpler syntax).
The article discusses the principles underlying the inclusion of illustrative examples in a decoding English-Slovene dictionary. The inclusion of examples in decoding bilingual diction-aries can be ...justified by taking into account the semantic and grammatical differences between the source and the target languages. Among the differences between the dictionary equivalent, which represents the most frequent translation of the lemma in a particular sense, and the translation of the lemma in the illustrative example, the following should be highlighted: the differences in the part of speech; context-dependent translation of the lemma in the example; the one-word equiva-lent of the example; zero equivalence; and idiomatic translation of the example. All these differ-ences are addressed and discussed in detail, together with the sample entries taken from a bilingual English-Slovene dictionary. The aim is to develop criteria for the selection of illustrative examples whose purpose is to supplement dictionary equivalent(s) in the grammatical, lexical, semantic and contextual senses. Apart from that, arguments for translating examples in the target language are put forward. The most important finding is that examples included in a bilingual decoding diction-ary should be chosen carefully and should be translated into the target language, since lexical as well as grammatical changes in the translation of examples demand not only a high level of knowl-edge of both languages, but also translation abilities. Toeligtende voorbeelde in 'n tweetalige dekoderende woorde-boek: 'n (On)nodige Komponent? Die beginsels onderliggend aan die insluiting van toe-ligtende voorbeelde in 'n dekoderende Engels-Sloveense woordeboek word in hierdie artikel bespreek. Die insluiting van voorbeelde in dekoderende tweetalige woordeboeke kan geregverdig word deur die semantiese en grammatiese verskille tussen die bron- en doeltale in ag te neem. Onder die verskille tussen die woordeboekekwivalent, wat die mees frekwente vertaling van die lemma in 'n sekere sin verteenwoordig, en die vertaling van die lemma in die toeligtende voor-beeld, moet die volgende uitgelig word: die verskille in woordsoort; konteks-afhanklike vertaling van die lemma in die voorbeeld; die eenwoordekwivalent van die voorbeeld; zero-ekwivalensie; en idiomatiese vertaling van die voorbeeld. Al hierdie verskille word aangespreek en in besonderhede bespreek saam met die voorbeeldinskrywings geneem uit 'n tweetalige Engels-Sloveense woorde-boek. Die oogmerk is die ontwikkeling van kriteria vir die seleksie van toeligtende voorbeelde wat die woordeboekekwivalent(e) in 'n grammatiese, leksikale, semantiese en kontekstuele sin moet aanvul. Afgesien hiervan word argumente ook gevoer vir die vertaling van voorbeelde in die doel-taal. Die belangrikste gevolgtrekking is dat voorbeelde wat in 'n tweetalige dekoderende woorde-boek ingesluit word, versigtig gekies moet word en vertaal moet word in die doeltaal, aangesien leksikale sowel as grammatiese veranderings in die vertaling van voorbeelde nie net 'n hoë vlak van kennis van beide tale vereis nie, maar ook vertalingsvermoëns.
This article presents and discusses the findings of a study conducted with the users of Slovene and American monolingual dictionaries. The aim was to investigate how native speakers of Slovene and ...American English interpret select normative labels in monolingual dictionaries. The data were obtained by questionnaires developed to elicit monolingual dictionary users' attitudes toward normative labels and the effects the labels have on dictionary users. The results show that a higher level of prescriptivism in the Slovene linguistic culture is reflected in the Slovene respondents' perception of the labels (for example, a stronger effect of the normative labels, a higher approval for the claim about usefulness of the labels, a considerably lower general level of acceptance for the standard language) when compared with the American respondents' perception, since the American linguistic culture tends to be more descriptive. However, users often seek answers to their linguistic questions in dictionaries, which means that they expect at least a certain degree of normativity. Therefore, a balance between descriptive and prescriptive approaches should be found, since both of them affect the users.
The article discusses the treatment of zero equivalence in an English–Slovene dictionary (ESD). The absence of equivalents in the TL is marked by two symbols: Ø (a complete absence of any equivalent) ...and # (equivalence at the level of the entire message rather than at word level). Sixty-five lemmata in the ESD contain a slashed zero, a hash or both, but one and the same entry can contain more than one symbol. Detailed results are presented by parts of speech of the lemmata, starting with a numerical analysis, which is followed by analysis of the content of illustrative examples. Then follows a detailed discussion of lemmata expressing pragmatic meaning in the SL, lemmata with lexico-grammatical, grammatical and lexical differences between the SL and the TL as well as lemmata with a number of SL senses included under one sense in the ESD. In the ESD, the problem of zero equivalence is mostly solved by the inclusion of translated examples of use. Another method employed in the ESD is the use of short descriptions of the function of the lemma or one of its senses. In this way, a more successful and thorough retrieval of information can be achieved with every look-up. Benaderings tot die hantering van zero-ekwivalensie in 'n tweetalige woordeboek.Die hantering van zero-ekwivalensie in 'n Engels–Sloveense woordeboek (ESD) word in hierdie artikel bespreek. Die afwesigheid van ekwivalente in die doeltaal (DT) word aangedui deur twee simbole: Ø ('n totale afwesigheid van enige ekwivalent) en # (ekwivalensie op die vlak van die volle boodskap eerder as op die vlak van 'n woord). Vyf-en-sestig lemmas in die ESD bevat 'n nul met 'n skuinsstreep daardeur, 'n hutsmerker of albei, maar een inskrywing kan meer as een simbool bevat. Die resultate word uitvoerig voorgehou volgens die woordsoort van die lemmas, en begin met 'n syferkundige ontleding, gevolg deur 'n ontleding van die inhoud van die toeligtende voorbeelde. Daarna volg 'n gedetailleerde bespreking van lemmas wat 'n pragmatiese betekenis uitdruk in die BT, lemmas met leksiko-grammatikale, grammatikale en leksikale verskille tussen die BT en die DT, sowel as lemmas met 'n aantal BT-betekenisse gegroepeer onder een betekenisonderskeiding in die ESD. Die probleem van zero-ekwivalensie word meestal in die ESD opgelos deur die insluiting van vertaalde gebruiksvoorbeelde. 'n Ander metode wat in die ESD gebruik word, is die gebruik van kort beskrywings van die lemma se funksie of van een van sy betekenisse. Op hierdie manier kan 'n meer suksesvolle en deeglike onttrekking van inligting gedoen word tydens elke opsoeksessie.
This contribution presents the second and final report on a study that set out to gain a greater understanding of what general modern Slovenian lexicography is. The full study focused on the ...philosophy, accomplishments, daily practice, and dictionary projects of seven prominent members of the Slovenian lexicographic community, all of whom were interviewed at length. An open-ended interview script allowed study participants to both reflect on their practice and portray their vision of what lexicography or terminography is. Part 1 (Vrbinc, Farina and Vrbinc 2018a; 2018b) reported on whether the lexicographers saw their work as drudgery and what they saw as the nature of their role in the society. Here, in Part 2, the emphasis is on the day-to-day concerns of the participating Slovenian lexicographers. They discuss both the technological and the human resources that drive their work. This second report also includes a brief survey of the historical development of Slovenian lexicography as the necessary backdrop for the interpretation of the modern situation.
V príspevku obravnavamo odsotnost slovarskih ustreznikov na ravni leksema v še ne izdanem angleško-slovenskem slovarju za dekodiranje. Raziskava se osredotoča na rabo znaka lojtra (#), ki označuje ...ničto ustreznost na ravni leksema, če pa neprevedljiv izhodiščnojezikovni leksem uporabimo v zgledu rabe, ga lahko prevedemo v ciljni jezik in tako dosežemo ustreznost na ravni sporočila. V celotnem slovarju je lojter 92, vendar jih je lahko v eni iztočnici več; tako najdemo lojtro pri 41 različnih iztočnicah. Podrobni rezultati so predstavljeni po besednih vrsta iztočnic: numerični analizi sledi vsebinska analiza zgledov rabe. Ugotovitev: če ustreznosti ne moremo doseči na ravni leksema, lahko pa jo dosežemo na ravni celotnega sporočila, lahko problem rešujemo z vključevanjem prevedenih zgledov rabe.
The paper analyzes usage notes included in an English-Slovene dictionary with a strong didactic component. The dictionary contains 333 usage notes, which represent the material for this analysis. The ...analysis focuses on the language and structure of usage notes. In the main section of the paper, the usage notes are analyzed with regard to the part of speech and to the content of each lemma. The results show that nominal lemmata are most frequently accompanied by usage notes, followed by verbal lemmata and other parts of speech. The majority of usage notes deal with contrastive problems, while some usage notes discuss the characteristics of the source language (i.e., English). The findings of the paper are not limited to one particular language pair, but can be used universally, regardless of the languages in question.
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