The article provides an overview of the number of illegal entries into the Member States of the European Union in the Mediterranean area. At the same time, separate reviews are presented for each of ...the three areas – the Eastern Mediterranean, the Central Mediterranean and the Western Mediterranean. The review period is limited by the last phase of the "migration crisis" of 2015/2016 and the COVID-19 pandemic, which also affected the number of illegal entries of third-country nationals into the EU. The paper presents exclusively statistical data relating to the external borders of Spain, Italy, Greece and Bulgaria. These four countries are the most represented in terms of the number of illegal entries of migrants through the southern borders of the EU. Other countries on the southern borders of the EU - Portugal, France, Croatia, Malta and Cyprus - have an insignificant share in the number of illegal entries of migrants or do not record such entries at all via sea borders. By presenting the trends in the number of illegal entries into the EU by the third-country nationals over a longer period, an attempt is made to give an insight into the possible influences that lead to stagnation or the progression of the analysed numbers in relation to possible factors of influence. The sources of data are the statistics of international organisations in charge of dealing with migrants, primarily the IOM, where the numerical data are also given in graphical representations in order to better present the statistical data. Special emphasis is placed on the East-Mediterranean route, which has a direct impact on the state of illegal migration to the so-called Western Balkan route and the Republic of Croatia. The analysed data show that after the end of the "migration crisis" in 2015, when the majority of illegal entries were recorded in the Eastern Mediterranean, already in 2016 the eastern and central routes in the Mediterranean were equal in terms of the number of illegal entries, despite the fact that a large number of illegal entries of migrants via the EastMediterranean route covered the entire first quarter of 2016. Already in 2017, the central part of the Mediterranean once again took the lead in the number of illegal entries of migrants through the southern borders of the EU. Spain and Greece were almost equal in number of illegal entries that year, with Greece representing a large decrease compared to 2016, while for Spain 2017 recorded an increase in illegal entries compared to the previous year. During 2018 and 2019, a new drastic change is taking place: the number of illegal entries significantly decreased in Italy, while the number in Greece, and even in Spain in one period, grew quite significantly. However, this decrease in the number of illegal entries via Italy had such a share in the total number of illegal entries that overall there was reason for optimism regarding the development of the situation of illegal migration in the Mediterranean. Finally, 2020 and 2021 were marked by the global outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic affecting migratory routes in the eastern, central and western Mediterranean completely differently. While the number of illegal entries in Greece dropped dramatically in both mentioned pandemic years, the number of illegal entries in the central and western Mediterranean raised significantly. Moreover, the number of illegal entries increased in these pandemic years even in Bulgaria, which borders Greece and forms part of the East-Mediterranean illegal migration route. By analysing the state of illegal migration in the Mediterranean area, and especially in the Eastern Mediterranean, the article tries to gain insight into the factors that influence the state of illegal migration in this part of the EU's external borders. An overview of illegal migration trends in the Mediterranean in the period from 2016 to 2021 serves as a basis for reconsidering how the activities of the border authorities have influenced these trends and whether these activities have a significant impact on illegal migration and to what extent. Therefore, trends in illegal migration are presented as a phenomenon that is subject to change under the influence of various factors. The terms "push" and "pull factors" are used in paper to a lesser extent as scientific terms, and more as a framework in which the aforementioned variables are placed, with the help of which the bodies in charge of monitoring the external borders of the EU try to predict the mindsets of the migrants when making a decision on choosing a migration route. From analysed examples, it can be seen that a decline in the interest of migrants from Asia and Africa to enter the territory of the Union cannot be expected. The intensity of these movements is constantly changing, depending on the push factors, but it is difficult to foresee a change in the trend especially due to unexpected effects of the deterioration of the overall political, economic, humanitarian and climate picture in the world.
Članak daje pregled broja nezakonitih ulazaka u zemlje Europske unije na području Sredozemlja. Pritom se iznose zasebni pregledi za svako od triju područja i to – istočno-mediteransko, ...srednje-mediteransko i zapadno-mediteransko područje. Razdoblje pregleda omeðeno je zadnjom fazom velike migracijske krize 2015./2016. te velikom pandemijskom krizom koja je takoðer utjecala na broj nezakonitih ulazaka državljana trećih zemalja u EU. Prikazom kretanja broja nezakonitih ulazaka u EU od strane državljana trećih zemalja kroz dulji period nastoji se dati uvid u moguće utjecaje koji dovode do stagnacije, odnosno progresije predmetnog broja u odnosu na različite čimbenike. Za izvore podataka uzima se statistika meðunarodnih organizacija zaduženih za postupanje prema migrantima, i to u prvom redu IOM-a, pri čemu se brojčani podaci daju i u grafičkim prikazima u cilju boljeg predočavanja statističkih podataka. Poseban se naglasak stavlja na istočno-sredozemnu rutu koja izravno utječe na stanje nezakonitih migracija na tzv. zapadno-balkanskoj ruti i Republici Hrvatskoj. Analizom stanja nezakonitih migrantskih kretanja na području Sredozemlja, osobito na istočnom Sredozemlju, nastoji se dati uvid u čimbenike koji utječu na to stanje nezakonitih migracija na ovom dijelu vanjskih granica EU-a.
The article provides an overview of the number of illegal entries into the Member States of the European Union in the Mediterranean area. At the same time, separate reviews are presented for each of ...the three areas – the Eastern Mediterranean, the Central Mediterranean and the Western Mediterranean. The review period is limited by the last phase of the “migration crisis” of 2015/2016 and the COVID-19 pandemic, which also affected the number of illegal entries of third-country nationals into the EU. The paper presents exclusively statistical data relating to the external borders of Spain, Italy, Greece and Bulgaria. These four countries are the most represented in terms of the number of illegal entries of migrants through the southern borders of the EU. Other countries on the southern borders of the EU - Portugal, France, Croatia, Malta and Cyprus - have an insignificant share in the number of illegal entries of migrants or do not record such entries at all via sea borders. By presenting the trends in the number of illegal entries into the EU by the third-country nationals over a longer period, an attempt is made to give an insight into the possible influences that lead to stagnation or the progression of the analysed numbers in relation to possible factors of influence. The sources of data are the statistics of international organisations in charge of dealing with migrants, primarily the IOM, where the numerical data are also given in graphical representations in order to better present the statistical data. Special emphasis is placed on the East-Mediterranean route, which has a direct impact on the state of illegal migration to the so-called Western Balkan route and the Republic of Croatia. The analysed data show that after the end of the “migration crisis” in 2015, when the majority of illegal entries were recorded in the Eastern Mediterranean, already in 2016 the eastern and central routes in the Medi-terranean were equal in terms of the number of illegal entries, despite the fact that a large number of illegal entries of migrants via the East-Mediterranean route covered the entire first quarter of 2016. Already in 2017, the central part of the Mediterranean once again took the lead in the number of illegal entries of migrants through the southern borders of the EU. Spain and Greece were almost equal in number of illegal entries that year, with Greece representing a large decrease compared to 2016, while for Spain 2017 recorded an increase in illegal entries compared to the previous year. During 2018 and 2019, a new drastic change is taking place: the number of illegal entries significantly decreased in Italy, while the number in Greece, and even in Spain in one period, grew quite significantly. However, this decrease in the number of illegal entries via Italy had such a share in the total number of illegal entries that overall there was reason for optimism regarding the development of the situation of illegal migration in the Mediterranean. Finally, 2020 and 2021 were marked by the global outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic affecting migratory routes in the eastern, central and western Mediterranean completely differently. While the number of illegal entries in Greece dropped dramatically in both mentioned pandemic years, the number of illegal entries in the central and western Mediterranean raised significantly. Moreover, the number of illegal entries increased in these pandemic years even in Bulgaria, which borders Greece and forms part of the East-Mediterranean illegal migration route. By analysing the state of illegal migration in the Mediterranean area, and especially in the Eastern Mediterranean, the article tries to gain insight into the factors that influence the state of illegal migration in this part of the EU’s external borders. An overview of illegal migration trends in the Mediterranean in the period from 2016 to 2021 serves as a basis for reconsidering how the activities of the border authorities have influenced these trends and whether these activities have a significant impact on illegal migration and to what extent. Therefore, trends in illegal migration are presented as a phenomenon that is subject to change under the influence of various factors. The terms “push” and “pull factors” are used in paper to a lesser extent as scientific terms, and more as a framework in which the aforementioned variables are placed, with the help of which the bodies in charge of monitoring the external borders of the EU try to predict the mindsets of the migrants when making a decision on choosing a migration route. From analysed examples, it can be seen that a decline in the interest of migrants from Asia and Africa to enter the territory of the Union cannot be expected. The intensity of these movements is constantly changing, depending on the push factors, but it is difficult to foresee a change in the trend especially due to unexpected effects of the deterioration of the overall political, economic, humanitarian and climate picture in the world.
Članak govori o mogućem utjecaju pravorijeka Europskog suda za ljudska prava u predmetu koji su državljanin Malija N. D. i državljanin Obale Bjelokosti N. T. pokrenuli pred tim sudom protiv ...Kraljevine Španjolske na sustav zaštite vanjskih granica Europske unije. Tužitelji su u svojoj tužbi tvrdili kako su tijela Kraljevine Španjolske u postupanju prema njima povrijedila princip zabrane kolektivnog protjerivanja, navedenog u članku 4. Protokola br. 4 (Europske) Konvencije o zaštiti ljudskih prava i temeljnih sloboda, te prava navedena u članku 13. iste Konvencije (pravo na djelotvoran pravni lijek). Tekst je fokusiran na pravorijek Velikog vijeća Suda u drugostupanjskom postupku, donesenog nakon javnog saslušanja stranaka i drugih zainteresiranih sudionika, koje je provedeno 26. rujna 2018. u zgradi suda u Strasbourgu, Francuska. Iako je pravorijek ograničen specifičnim okolnostima samog događaja, odnosno činjenicom da se presuda odnosi na specifični slučaj nadzora vanjske granice EU-a, tekst nastoji pojasniti utjecaj koji bi ova presuda mogla imati na sveukupni sustav nadzora europskih vanjskih granica.
The article discusses the possible influence of the rulings of the European Court of Human Rights in the case of a citizen of Mali N.D. and
a citizen of Ivory Coast N.T. initiated before that court against the Kingdom of Spain in relation with the system of protection of the EU's external borders. In their action, the applicants alleged that the authorities of the Kingdom of Spain had violated the principle of non-collective expulsion set out in Article 4 of Protocol No. 1. 4 of the (European) Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, and the rights listed in Article 13 of the same Convention (right to an effective remedy). The text focuses on the ruling of the Grand Chamber of the Court in the second instance proceedings, passed after a public hearing of the parties and other interested participants, which took place on 26 September 2018 in the court building in Strasbourg, France. Although the verdict is limited by
the specific circumstances of the event itself, ie the fact that the judgment refers to a specific case of EU external border control, the paper seeks to clarify the impact that this judgment could have on the overall European external border control system.
Članak se bavi problemom interpretacije statističkih podataka vezanih za kretanje migracija na južnim granicama Europske unije u razdoblju od 2015. do 2018. godine. Koristeći statističke podatke, ...koje je izradila specijalizirana institucija UN-a, nastoji se upozoriti na problem priljeva migranata nakon okončanja „velike migrantske krize 2015./2016.” te na probleme interpretacije statističkih podataka za to razdoblje. Naglašavajući važnost statistike za prethodna razdoblja u pogledu određivanja aktivnosti u budućnosti, nastoji se naglasiti važnost analiziranja statističkih promjena i čimbenika koji su na njih utjecali.
Naglasak je stavljen na autorovo promišljanje o čimbenicima koji su utjecali na statističke promjene te na određivanje prirode njihova utjecaja na statistička kretanja. Pritom se upozorava da bi se u svakoj analizi statističkih promjena naglasak morao staviti na definiranje čimbenika koji su utjecali na statističke promjene, na određivanje prirode tih čimbenika, na njihovu trajnost te na mogućnost ponavljanja takvih utjecaja u budućnosti.
Act of facilitating third-country national in an illegal entry or irregular transit/stay in the Republic of Croatia is qualified as a misdemeanor punishable by a prison sentence or a fine. Besides, a ...court order of expropriation of the vehicle with which the misdemeanor was committed has to be issued if the perpetrator is the owner of the vehicle. Expropriation of other items used for committing the misdemeanor can also be issued on facultative bases. Financial or any other material expedience on perpetrator's side is not a constitutive element of the misdemeanor. This article focuses on the overview and analysis of the legal norms, statistic data and the court practice regarding the penal policy connected with achieving of the penal aims through individualization, and decreasing the penal limit besides the policy regarding the issuing of the court expropriation orders.
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