Although improvements in radiation therapy were made over the years, radioresistance is still a major challenge. Cancer cells are often deficient for DNA repair response, a feature that is currently ...exploited as a new anti-cancer strategy. In this context, combination of inhibitors targeting complementary pathways is of interest to sensitize cells to radiation. In this work, we used PARP (Olaparib) and RAD51 (B02) inhibitors to radiosensitize cancer cells to proton and X-ray radiation. More particularly, Olaparib and B02 were used at concentration leading to limited cytotoxic (alone or in combination) but increasing cell death when the cells were irradiated. We showed that, although at limited concentration, Olaparib and B02 were able to radiosensitize different cancer cell lines, i.e. lung and pancreatic cancer cells. Antagonistic, additive or synergistic effects were observed and correlated to cell proliferation rate. The inhibitors enhanced persistent DNA damage, delayed apoptosis, prolonged cell cycle arrest and senescence upon irradiation. These results demonstrated that radiation-induced synthetic lethality might widen the therapeutic window, hence extending the use of PARP inhibitors to patients without BRCAness.
Pancreatic cancer is a very aggressive cancer type associated with one of the poorest prognostics. Despite several clinical trials to combine different types of therapies, none of them resulted in ...significant improvements for patient survival. Pancreatic cancers demonstrate a very broad panel of resistance mechanisms due to their biological properties but also their ability to remodel the tumour microenvironment. Radiotherapy is one of the most widely used treatments against cancer but, up to now, its impact remains limited in the context of pancreatic cancer. The modern era of radiotherapy proposes new approaches with increasing conformation but also more efficient effects on tumours in the case of charged particles. In this review, we highlight the interest in using charged particles in the context of pancreatic cancer therapy and the impact of this alternative to counteract resistance mechanisms.
Since 1957, broad proton beam radiotherapy with a spread out Bragg peak has been used for cancer treatment. More recently, studies on the use of proton therapy in the treatment of non-small cell lung ...cancer (NSCLC) were performed and although the benefit of using protons for the treatment of NSCLC is recognized, more work is needed to gather additional data for the understanding of cell response. Human A549 cell survival was evaluated by colony forming assay 11 days after 10 keV/μm proton beam irradiation at 0.1 and 1 Gy/min. The residual energy of the proton beam at the location of the irradiated cells was 3.9 MeV. In parallel, early effects on the cell viability and DNA damage were assessed and DNA synthesis was measured. The survival curve obtained was fitted with both the linear and the induced-repair models, as a hyper-radiosensitivity was evidenced at very low doses. Above 0.5 Gy, a linear shape was observed with the α parameter equal to 0.824 ± 0.029 Gy−1. In addition, early cell death and cell proliferation arrest were enhanced. Moreover, a clear correlation between DNA damage and surviving fraction was observed. Finally, comparisons with X ray results indicate that proton irradiation at 10 keV/μm enhanced the tumor radiosensitivity with a significant dose-dependent decrease in the survival fraction. The RBE value of 1.9 ± 0.4 obtained for a 10% survival support this observation.
Skin is one of the most exposed organs to external stress. Namely, UV rays are the most harmful stress that could induce important damage leading to skin aging and cancers. At the cellular level, ...senescence is observed in several skin cell types and contributes to skin aging. However, the origin of skin senescent cells is still unclear but is probably related to exposure to stresses. In this work, we developed an in vitro model of UVB-induced premature senescence in normal human epidermal keratinocytes. UVB-induced senescent keratinocytes display a common senescent phenotype resulting in an irreversible cell cycle arrest, an increase in the proportion of senescence-associated β-galactosidase‒positive cells, unrepaired DNA damage, and a long-term DNA damage response activation. Moreover, UVB-induced senescent keratinocytes secrete senescence-associated secretory phenotype factors that influence cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma cell migration. Finally, a global transcriptomic study highlighted that senescent keratinocytes present a decrease in the expression of several amino acid transporters, which is associated with reduced intracellular levels of glycine, alanine, and leucine. Interestingly, the chemical inhibition of the glycine transporter SLC6A9/Glyt1 triggers senescence features.
Radiotherapy (RT) is a key component of cancer treatment. Although improvements have been made over the years, radioresistance remains a challenge. For this reason, a better understanding of cell ...fates in response to RT could improve therapeutic options to enhance cell death and reduce adverse effects. Here, we showed that combining RT (photons and protons) to noncytotoxic concentration of PARP inhibitor, Olaparib, induced a cell line-dependent senescence-like phenotype. The senescent cells were characterized by morphological changes, an increase in p21 mRNA expression as well as an increase in senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity. We demonstrated that these senescent cells could be specifically targeted by Navitoclax (ABT-263), a Bcl-2 family inhibitor. This senolytic drug led to significant cell death when combined with RT and Olaparib, while limited cytotoxicity was observed when used alone. These results demonstrate that a combination of RT with PARP inhibition and senolytics could be a promising therapeutic approach for cancer patients.
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) represent potential targets for anticancer treatments as these cells play critical roles in tumor progression and frequently antagonize the response to treatments. ...TAMs are usually associated to an M2-like phenotype, characterized by anti-inflammatory and protumoral properties. This phenotype contrasts with the M1-like macrophages, which exhibits proinflammatory, phagocytic, and antitumoral functions. As macrophages hold a high plasticity, strategies to orchestrate the reprogramming of M2-like TAMs towards a M1 antitumor phenotype offer potential therapeutic benefits. One of the most used anticancer treatments is the conventional X-ray radiotherapy (RT), but this therapy failed to reprogram TAMs towards an M1 phenotype. While protontherapy is more and more used in clinic to circumvent the side effects of conventional RT, the effects of proton irradiation on macrophages have not been investigated yet. Here we showed that M1 macrophages (THP-1 cell line) were more resistant to proton irradiation than unpolarized (M0) and M2 macrophages, which correlated with differential DNA damage detection. Moreover, proton irradiation-induced macrophage reprogramming from M2 to a mixed M1/M2 phenotype. This reprogramming required the nuclear translocation of NFκB p65 subunit as the inhibition of IκBα phosphorylation completely reverted the macrophage re-education. Altogether, the results suggest that proton irradiation promotes NFκB-mediated macrophage polarization towards M1 and opens new perspectives for macrophage targeting with charged particle therapy.
The purpose of this study was to measure survival fraction of A549 lung carcinoma cells irradiated with charged particles of various LET and to determine mechanisms responsible for enhanced cell ...killing in the low-dose region. A549 cells were irradiated with a broadbeam of either 10 and 25 keV/μm protons or 100 keV/μm alpha particles and then processed for clonogenic assays and phospho-histone H3 staining. The survival fraction of unirradiated A549 cells co-cultured with irradiated cells was also evaluated. A549 cells were shown to exhibit low-dose hypersensitivity (HRS) for both protons and alpha particles. The dose threshold at which HRS occurs decreased with increasing linear energy transfer (LET), whereas αs, the initial survival curve slope, increased with increasing LET. In addition, the enhanced cell killing observed after irradiation with alpha particles was partly attributed to the bystander effect, due to the low proportion of hit cells at very low doses. Co-culture experiments suggest a gap junction-mediated bystander signal. Our results indicate that HRS is likely to be dependent on LET, and that a bystander effect and low-dose hypersensitivity may co-exist within a given cell line.
Abstract
Purpose: Prognosis for patients with glioblastoma (GBM) remains poor, and new treatments are needed. Here we used a combination of two novel treatment modalities: Carbon ions and a histone ...deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi). We compared these to conventional X-rays, measuring the increased effectiveness of carbon ions as well as radiosensitization using HDACi.
Materials and methods: Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) was used at a non-toxic concentration of 0.5 μM in combination with 85 keV μm−1 carbon ions, and 250 kVp X-rays for comparison. Effects were assayed using clonogenic survival, γH2AX foci repair kinetics and measuring chromatin decondensation.
Results: Dose toxicity curves showed that human GBM LN18 cells were more sensitive to SAHA compared to U251 cells at higher doses, but there was little effect at low doses. When combined with radiation, clonogenic assays showed that the Sensitizer Enhancement Ratio with carbon ions at 50% survival (SER50) was about 1.2 and 1.5 for LN18 and U251, respectively, but was similar for X-rays at about 1.3. The repair half-life of γH2AX foci was slower for cells treated with SAHA and was most noticeable in U251 cells treated with carbon ions where after 24 h, more than double the number of foci remained in comparison to the untreated cells. Hoechst fluorescent dye incorporation into the nucleus showed significant chromatin decondensation and density homogenization with SAHA treatment for both cell lines.
Conclusion: Our results suggest a vital role of histone deacetylases (HDAC) in the modulation of DNA damage response and support the use of SAHA for the treatment of GBM through the combination with heavy ion therapy.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
•A nanofluidic LC–MS/MS method is developed and compared to a reference UHPLC–MS/MS.•Two estrogens are chosen as model analytes and collected by whole blood microsampling.•Design of experiments is ...used to optimize the miniaturized method.•The LOQ is improved by a factor 50 with LC-chip compared to UHPLC–MS/MS.•In vitro comparison of whole blood and plasma is performed.
Pharmacokinetic (PK) studies on small animals are challenging as only small volumes of samples are available, in which the analyte is present at low concentration in a complex matrix. In this context, the use of miniaturized analytical techniques may provide undeniable advantages in terms of sensitivity, sample and solvent consumption compared to the reference UHPLC–MS/MS methods In this study, we present the development of a nanofluidic-LC–MS/MS method to analyze two model analytes of therapeutic interest, namely estradiol (E2) and estetrol (E4) after microsampling with volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) devices, an innovative sampling technique to collect small volumes of whole blood. The nanofluidic LC–MS/MS method was developed using an experimental design to find the optimal conditions to analyze both E2 and E4 with the highest sensitivity. Subsequently, the optimized method was validated according to ICH guidelines and compared to a previously developed UHPLC–MS/MS method. A limit of quantitation of 50pg/ml was reached with the LC-chip method, which is 50 times better than UHPLC–MS/MS. Both methods were then critically evaluated from the analytical and operational points of view. Finally, the quantitation of estrogens after whole blood microsampling was compared with the results obtained with the corresponding plasma samples.
Abstract
Purpose: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death. Among the new modalities to treat cancer, internal radiotherapy seems to be very promising. However, the achievable ...dose-rate is two orders of magnitude lower than the one used in conventional external radiotherapy, and data has to be collected to evaluate the cell response to highlight the potential effectiveness of low-dose-rate beta particles irradiation. This work investigates the phosphorus beta irradiation (32P) dose response on the clonogenicity of human A549 non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma cells and compares it to high-dose-rate X-irradiations results.
Materials and methods: Cell survival was evaluated by a colony forming assay eight days after low-dose-rate 32P beta irradiations (0.8 Gy/h) and high-dose-rate X-ray irradiations (0.855 Gy/min).
Results: Survival curves were obtained for both types of irradiations, and showed hyper-radiosensitivity at very low doses. Radiosensitivity parameters were obtained by using the linear-quadratic and induced-repair models.
Conclusions: Comparison with high-dose-rate X-rays shows a similar surviving fraction, confirming the effectiveness of beta particles for tumor sterilization.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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