New and Interesting Fungi. 3 Crous, P.W.; Wingfield, M.J.; Schumacher, R.K. ...
Fungal Systematics and Evolution,
12/2020, Letnik:
6, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Seven new genera, 26 new species, 10 new combinations, two epitypes, one new name, and 20 interesting new host and / or geographical records are introduced in this study. New genera are: Italiofungus ...(based on Italiofungus phillyreae) on leaves of Phillyrea latifolia
(Italy); Neolamproconium (based on Neolamproconium silvestre) on branch of Tilia sp. (Ukraine); Neosorocybe (based on Neosorocybe pini) on trunk of Pinus sylvestris (Ukraine); Nothoseptoria (based on Nothoseptoria caraganae) on leaves
of Caragana arborescens (Russia); Pruniphilomyces (based on Pruniphilomyces circumscissus) on Prunus cerasus (Russia); Vesiculozygosporium (based on Vesiculozygosporium echinosporum) on leaves of Muntingia calabura (Malaysia); Longiseptatispora
(based on Longiseptatispora curvata) on leaves of Lonicera tatarica (Russia). New species are: Barrmaelia serenoae on leaf of Serenoa repens (USA); Chaetopsina gautengina on leaves of unidentified grass (South Africa); Chloridium pini on fallen trunk
of Pinus sylvestris (Ukraine); Cadophora fallopiae on stems of Reynoutria sachalinensis (Poland); Coleophoma eucalyptigena on leaf litter of Eucalyptus sp. (Spain); Cylindrium corymbiae on leaves of Corymbia maculata (Australia); Diaporthe
tarchonanthi on leaves of Tarchonanthus littoralis (South Africa); Elsinoe eucalyptorum on leaves of Eucalyptus propinqua (Australia); Exophiala quercina on dead wood of Quercus sp., (Germany); Fusarium californicum on cambium of budwood of
Prunus dulcis (USA); Hypomyces gamsii on wood of Alnus glutinosa (Ukraine); Kalmusia araucariae on leaves of Araucaria bidwillii (USA); Lectera sambuci on leaves of Sambucus nigra (Russia); Melanomma populicola on fallen twig of Populus
canadensis (Netherlands), Neocladosporium syringae on branches of Syringa vulgarishorus (Ukraine); Paraconiothyrium iridis on leaves of Iris pseudacorus (Ukraine); Pararoussoella quercina on branch of Quercus robur (Ukraine); Phialemonium
pulveris from bore dust of deathwatch beetle (France); Polyscytalum pinicola on needles of Pinus tecunumanii (Malaysia); Acervuloseptoria fraxini on Fraxinus pennsylvanica (Russia); Roussoella arundinacea on culms of Arundo donax (Spain);
Sphaerulina neoaceris on leaves of Acer negundo (Russia); Sphaerulina salicicola on leaves of Salix fragilis (Russia); Trichomerium syzygii on leaves of Syzygium cordatum (South Africa); Uzbekistanica vitis-viniferae on dead stem of Vitis
vinifera (Ukraine); Vermiculariopsiella eucalyptigena on leaves of Eucalyptus sp. (Australia).
The Gram‐negative bacterium Erwinia amylovora, causal agent of fire blight disease in pome fruit trees, encodes a type three secretion system (T3SS) that translocates effector proteins into plant ...cells that collectively function to suppress host defences and enable pathogenesis. Until now, there has only been limited knowledge about the interaction of effector proteins and host resistance presented in several wild Malus species. This study tested disease responses in several Malus wild species with a set of effector deletion mutant strains and several highly virulent E. amylovora strains, which are assumed to influence the host resistance response of fire blight‐resistant Malus species. The findings confirm earlier studies that deletion of the T3SS abolished virulence of the pathogen. Furthermore, a new gene‐for‐gene relationship was established between the effector protein Eop1 and the fire blight resistant ornamental apple cultivar Evereste and the wild species Malus floribunda 821. The results presented here provide new insights into the host–pathogen interactions between Malus sp. and E. amylovora.
Fire blight, caused by enterobacterium Erwinia amylovora, is the most important bacterial disease affecting pome fruit. It can cause devastating economic losses and is reliably controlled only by the ...application of antibiotics, which are banned in many European countries due to environmental and sustainability issues and consumers’ mistrust. One solution could be the utilization of fire blight resistant cultivars in apple production. In 2003, we started an approach at Dresden-Pillnitz to detect different mechanisms conferring resistance to fire blight aimed at their com-bination in new cultivars. Four segregating populations were established to map QTLs for fire blight resistance. The donors used were three wild species accessions of Malus baccata, M. fusca, M. ×robusta 5 and the Pillnitz cultivar ‘Rewena’. The susceptible parent in each case was Idared. Grafted scions of each progeny were inoculated with E. amylovora strain Ea222_JKI. Average percent lesion length (PLL) of all progenies was determined. Genetic linkage maps were established using DArT- SCAR-, SNP-, and SSR-markers. Whereas in Rewena no QTL could be determined, major QTLs were detected in M. baccata on linkage group 12, in M. fusca on linkage group 10, and in M. ×robusta 5 on linkage group 3 explaining up to around 50, 85 and 85% of the phenotypic variance, respectively. The fact that all resistance QTLs are located on different linkage groups enhances the chance that different mechanisms are acting in the donors. Additionally, trees of the Idared by M. ×robusta 5 population were planted in an orchard and flowers were inoculated for phenotyping. The QTL on linkage group 3 could be con-firmed after mapping.
We studied the interaction of elemental carbon with Si(111) and Si(100) surfaces with in situ real time spectroscopic ellipsometry at different C exposures ranging from 7x10 super(12)-7x10 super(14) ...cm super(-2) s super(-1) at 750 degree C under UHV conditions in a molecular beam epitaxy equipment. The optical investigations were accompanied by real time RHEED studies. Using an optical three layer model (surface roughness, SiC layer, interface) on Si substrate the ellipsometric response allowed us to determine and quantify the different stages of the process: the nucleation, the coalescence, the growth kinetics, and the surface and interface evolution. The SiC film growth depends on C exposure and weakly on substrate orientation. The results obtained were compared to the RHEED observations.
In this article, we present the basic formalism of the S-correlated theory of misfit induced interface superstructures (MIIS) and nucleation centers for misfit dislocation network (NCMDN). Two main ...properties play an important role in the theory. The first one is the S factor, which is the ratio of effective elastic constants over the material atomic density: this factor can be identified from the standard equations of the elasticity theory which, in our approach, represents the basic background. This implies a realistic lattice dynamics model which enables to interpret the velocity of longitudinal, transverse and shear vibrational waves in solids. The second property, nS is a geometric parameter related to the extension of MIIS and to the lattice spacing of misfit dislocation network (MDN). We then apply this theory to several heterosystems and we demonstrate that it can be used to optimize heterointerfaces between host materials characterized by large lattice mismatch.
In this paper we analyze panel data (N = 400) to investigate the change in attitudes towards the Covid-19 measures and the change in compliance behavior between the first and second lockdowns in a ...sample of young adults from the University of Bern, Switzerland. We find considerable fatigue. While respondents expressed high acceptance of and compliance with the Covid-19 measures during the first lockdown, both acceptance and compliance behavior decreased substantially during the second lockdown. Moreover, we show via a structural equation model that respondents' compliance behavior is largely driven by the perception of how others behave and by the acceptance of the Covid-19 measures. All other effects scrutinized e.g., individual and social risk perception, trust in politics, and pro-social orientations affect compliance behavior via the acceptance of Covid-19 measures. We also conduct two tests of causality of the estimated relation between attitudes towards the measures and social distancing behavior. The first test incorporates the effect of compliance behavior reported during the first lockdown on attitudes during the second lockdown. The second test involves estimating a first difference panel regression model of attitudes on compliance behavior. The results of both tests suggest that the effect of Covid-19 attitudes on social distancing behavior can be interpreted causally.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
There is an ongoing discussion about the impact of flexible forms of work on travel behavior. Though it is generally accepted that telework decreases distance commuted, there are mixed conclusions ...about the notion that non-work-related journeys could be offsetting any saved commute. This paper investigates the influence of two flexible working arrangements – namely telework and flextime – on commutes, non-work traffic, and peak-period travel in Switzerland. Using the 2015 Swiss Mobility and Transport Microcensus (MTMC), this study analyzes flexible working arrangements with respect to their effects on traffic. The results show that people who work partly from home – compared to those who never telework – do indeed commute less; however, their non-work travel increases. This rebound effect completely offsets the saved commutes, resulting in a zero impact on the total distances covered. Only people who work exclusively remotely show less total mobility compared to those who never telework. However, only a small minority of people work only from home, with most teleworkers combining working on-site with some degree of working from home. Moreover, this study finds only slight potential for relieving traffic congestion through flexible working arrangements: Whereas teleworkers are less likely to commute during evening peak periods, people working flextime are even more likely to commute during morning rush hours. Hence, the distinction between morning and evening peak periods should be taken into account in future studies. Furthermore, research on flexible working arrangements and travel behavior benefits from the consideration of both non-work travel and total travel as well as the separation of part-time from full-time telework.
•Part-time teleworkers commute less than those who never telework.•There is a rebound effect in non-work travel for part-time teleworkers.•Overall, part-time telework does not affect the total distances traveled.•Telework relieves evening rush hour commutes, but flextime promotes morning peaks.
The health risk of the coronavirus pandemic is age-specific. The symptoms of a COVID-19 infection are usually mild in the healthy population below the age of 65; however, the measures laid down to ...prevent the spread of the virus apply typically to the whole population. Hence, those who have a low risk of severe symptoms face a social dilemma in cooperating and complying with the safety measures: Cooperating in preventing the spread of the disease is good for society but comes with individual costs. These costs provide an incentive not to cooperate with the safety measures. In this paper we analyze via structural equation modelling a sample of young adults (N = 510) who were surveyed right after the end of the first lockdown period in Switzerland. We investigate why and to what extent they cooperated in preventing the epidemic by following the recommendation to stay at home as much as possible. We hypothesize that those respondents who perceive themselves to be personally at risk, or who have relatives belonging to the risk group, complied more often with the safety measures as compared to those without severe risks. Cooperating should also be linked to individuals' pro-social orientation. Furthermore, we hypothesize that those who believe that the virus is dangerous for society or who have a personal interest in protection show higher support for the general safety measures. Our empirical results show that compliance with the coronavirus social distancing measures was generally very high during the first lockdown. Although young adults perceived themselves to be at low personal risk, they still believed that the virus is dangerous for society. Those who had a personal interest in staying at home because they had relatives belonging to the risk group complied more often with the safety measures. Overall, the results suggest that the support of the preventive measures is the most important promoter of cooperation to prevent the spread of COVID-19.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
•The association between telework and flextime with active travel patterns is analyzed.•Teleworkers walk and cycle more for leisure purposes as compared to on-site workers.•The inclusion of flextime ...in active travel research leads to important insights.•Flextime (especially core time) correlates with more and longer active travel overall.•Both telework and flextime help people to reach suggested levels of physical activity.
The impact of flexible working arrangements, such as telework and flextime, on daily travel demand is widely discussed. Although there is no evidence that flexible working arrangements reduce traffic in Switzerland, they still might be beneficial for the environment and public health if they are associated with more active travel (i.e. walking and cycling). Hence, the aim of this study is to investigate the influence of telework and flextime on various active travel patterns as well as possible benefits for public health. Most studies agree on a positive association between telework and active travel. However, these studies mostly rely on spatial flexibility (i.e. working remotely), and do not consider temporal flexibility (i.e. flextime). This study is the first to include different extents of working schedule flexibility in order to analyze active travel behavior. Active mode choices and travel durations are analyzed using the 2015 Swiss Mobility and Transport Microcensus (MTMC) – a nationwide representative micro-data travel survey. The results of this study indicate that telework is not associated with the likelihood of using active modes of transport overall; however, teleworkers walk and cycle more for leisure purposes as compared to on-site workers. Furthermore, the analyses show that flextime (particularly core time) users are more likely to use active modes of transport as compared to people who have a predetermined working schedule, which is mainly attributed to the fact that flextime users walk more. In order to indicate some health benefits, flexible working arrangements are analyzed concerning traveling actively for 30 minutes or more per day. This threshold refers to the recommendation of the World Health Organization concerning health-enhancing amounts of physical activity. The analyses reveal that telework and flextime (core time) are significantly associated with a health-enhancing amount of active travel. Another important finding of this study is that the Body Mass Index (BMI) and the weather condition should be included as control variables in studies that aim to analyze the direct effect of flexible working arrangements on active travel behavior. Overall, this study shows the importance of both spatial and temporal flexibility for choosing active modes of transport. The latter finding in particular is important for future research and policy decisions, as until now the impact of telework on active travel has been the main consideration, without recognizing flextime.
PDF
