Metabolic dysfunction contributes to the clinical deterioration observed in advanced cancer patients and is characterized by weight loss, skeletal muscle wasting, and atrophy of the adipose tissue. ...This systemic syndrome, termed cancer-associated cachexia (CAC), is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. While once attributed solely to decreased food intake, the present description of cancer cachexia is a disorder of multiorgan energy imbalance. Here we review the molecules and pathways responsible for metabolic dysfunction in CAC and the ideas that led to the current understanding.
Cancer-associated cachexia (CAC) is a wasting syndrome characterized by systemic inflammation, body weight loss, atrophy of white adipose tissue (WAT) and skeletal muscle. Limited therapeutic options ...are available and the underlying mechanisms are poorly defined. Here we show that a phenotypic switch from WAT to brown fat, a phenomenon termed WAT browning, takes place in the initial stages of CAC, before skeletal muscle atrophy. WAT browning is associated with increased expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), which uncouples mitochondrial respiration toward thermogenesis instead of ATP synthesis, leading to increased lipid mobilization and energy expenditure in cachectic mice. Chronic inflammation and the cytokine interleukin-6 increase UCP1 expression in WAT, and treatments that reduce inflammation or β-adrenergic blockade reduce WAT browning and ameliorate the severity of cachexia. Importantly, UCP1 staining is observed in WAT from CAC patients. Thus, inhibition of WAT browning represents a promising approach to ameliorate cachexia in cancer patients.
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•WAT browning contributes to high energy expenditure in cancer-associated cachexia•Systemic inflammation and IL-6 induce and sustain WAT browning in cachexia•Inhibition of WAT browning ameliorates the severity of cachexia•Cancer cachexia patients stain positive for UCP1 protein in WAT
Cancer-associated cachexia is a wasting syndrome responsible for morbidity and mortality in many cancer patients with advanced disease. Petruzzelli et al. show that inflammation-mediated browning of white adipose tissue is a consistent early feature of cachexia. Moreover, positive staining for UCP1 was observed in adipose tissue from cancer cachexia patient samples, suggesting that increased adipose thermogenesis is also a feature of human cancer.
The incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) emerged with Westernisation of dietary habits worldwide. Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are chronic debilitating conditions that afflict ...individuals with substantial morbidity and challenge healthcare systems across the globe. Since identification and characterisation of calprotectin (CP) in the 1980s, faecal CP emerged as significantly validated, non-invasive biomarker that allows evaluation of gut inflammation. Faecal CP discriminates between inflammatory and non-inflammatory diseases of the gut and portraits the disease course of human IBD. Recent studies revealed insights into biological functions of the CP subunits S100A8 and S100A9 during orchestration of an inflammatory response at mucosal surfaces across organ systems. In this review, we summarise longitudinal evidence for the evolution of CP from biomarker to rheostat of mucosal inflammation and suggest an algorithm for the interpretation of faecal CP in daily clinical practice. We propose that mechanistic insights into the biological function of CP in the gut and beyond may facilitate interpretation of current assays and guide patient-tailored medical therapy in IBD, a concept warranting controlled clinical trials.
Th17 cells have critical roles in mucosal defense and are major contributors to inflammatory disease. Their differentiation requires the nuclear hormone receptor RORγt working with multiple other ...essential transcription factors (TFs). We have used an iterative systems approach, combining genome-wide TF occupancy, expression profiling of TF mutants, and expression time series to delineate the Th17 global transcriptional regulatory network. We find that cooperatively bound BATF and IRF4 contribute to initial chromatin accessibility and, with STAT3, initiate a transcriptional program that is then globally tuned by the lineage-specifying TF RORγt, which plays a focal deterministic role at key loci. Integration of multiple data sets allowed inference of an accurate predictive model that we computationally and experimentally validated, identifying multiple new Th17 regulators, including Fosl2, a key determinant of cellular plasticity. This interconnected network can be used to investigate new therapeutic approaches to manipulate Th17 functions in the setting of inflammatory disease.
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► Integrated function of multiple transcription factors in Th17 cell differentiation ► Binding of BATF-IRF4 complexes to DNA mediates chromatin accessibility ► Network-predicted AP-1 factor Fosl2 restricts plasticity of Th17 cells ► Integration of multiple data sets in network most accurately predicts Th17 regulators
Integrating genome-wide regulatory information for key transcription factors involved in the development of proinflammatory Th17 cells produces a highly accurate and predictive network model for lineage specification and function.
Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family members function in a cell context-specific and cell type-specific manner to integrate signals that affect ...proliferation, differentiation, survival and migration. Consistent with the importance of these events in tumorigenesis, JNK and p38 MAPK signalling is associated with cancers in humans and mice. Studies in mouse models have been essential to better understand how these MAPKs control cancer development, and these models are expected to provide new strategies for the design of improved therapeutic approaches. In this Review we highlight the recent progress made in defining the functions of the JNK and p38 MAPK pathways in different cancers.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Psoriasis is a common heterogeneous inflammatory skin disease with a complex pathophysiology and limited treatment options. Here we performed proteomic analyses of human psoriatic epidermis and found ...S100A8-S100A9, also called calprotectin, as the most upregulated proteins, followed by the complement component C3. Both S100A8-S100A9 and C3 are specifically expressed in lesional psoriatic skin. S100A9 is shown here to function as a chromatin component modulating C3 expression in mouse and human cells by binding to a region upstream of the C3 start site. When S100A9 was genetically deleted in mouse models of skin inflammation, the psoriasis-like skin disease and inflammation were strongly attenuated, with a mild immune infiltrate and decreased amounts of C3. In addition, inhibition of C3 in the mouse model strongly reduced the inflammatory skin disease. Thus, S100A8-S100A9 can regulate C3 at the nuclear level and present potential new therapeutic targets for psoriasis.
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•S100A8-S100A9 regulate complement C3 expression•S100A8-S100A9 binds to chromatin at the C3 promoter•Loss of S100A8-S100A9 and/or C3 improves psoriasis-like symptoms•S100A8-S100A9 and C3 are specifically expressed in psoriasis
Mouse models for liver cancer Bakiri, Latifa; Wagner, Erwin F.
Molecular oncology,
April 2013, Letnik:
7, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common form of primary liver cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related cell death in human and the fifth in women worldwide. The incidence of HCC is ...increasing despite progress in identifying risk factors, understanding disease etiology and developing anti-viral strategies. Therapeutic options are limited and survival after diagnosis is poor. Therefore, better preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic tools are urgently needed, in particular given the increased contribution from systemic metabolic disease to HCC incidence worldwide. In the last three decades, technological advances have facilitated the generation of genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) to mimic the alterations frequently observed in human cancers or to conduct intervention studies and assess the relevance of candidate gene networks in tumor establishment, progression and maintenance. Because these studies allow molecular and cellular manipulations impossible to perform in patients, GEMMs have improved our understanding of this complex disease and represent a source of great potential for mechanism-based therapy development. In this review, we provide an overview of the current state of HCC modeling in the mouse, highlighting successes, current challenges and future opportunities.
► The treatment of HCC requires effective preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic tools. ► We review state-of-the-art mouse models for HCC highlighting successes and challenges. ► We emphasize tumor–host interactions and organ/systemic crosstalks. ► Cross-species comparative studies will lead to knowledge-based novel therapies.
Osteocytes embedded in bone have been postulated to orchestrate bone homeostasis by regulating both bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts. We find here that purified osteocytes ...express a much higher amount of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) and have a greater capacity to support osteoclastogenesis in vitro than osteoblasts and bone marrow stromal cells. Furthermore, the severe osteopetrotic phenotype that we observe in mice lacking RANKL specifically in osteocytes indicates that osteocytes are the major source of RANKL in bone remodeling in vivo.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Molecular mechanisms responsible for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain largely unknown. Using genetically engineered mouse models, we show that hepatocyte-specific expression of unconventional ...prefoldin RPB5 interactor (URI) leads to a multistep process of HCC development, whereas its genetic reduction in hepatocytes protects against diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced HCC. URI inhibits aryl hydrocarbon (AhR)- and estrogen receptor (ER)-mediated transcription of enzymes implicated in L-tryptophan/kynurenine/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) metabolism, thereby causing DNA damage at early stages of tumorigenesis. Restoring NAD+ pools with nicotinamide riboside (NR) prevents DNA damage and tumor formation. Consistently, URI expression in human HCC is associated with poor survival and correlates negatively with L-tryptophan catabolism pathway. Our results suggest that boosting NAD+ can be prophylactic or therapeutic in HCC.
•URI causes NAD+ depletion-dependent DNA damage leading to HCC development•Restoring NAD+ pools in vivo protects from DNA damage and HCC•URI inhibits AhR/ER transcriptional activity-mediated de novo NAD+ synthesis•URI-mediated de novo NAD+ synthesis inhibition may occur in human HCC
Tummala et al. show that overexpression of URI in mouse liver inhibits NAD+ metabolism, thereby causing DNA damage and tumorigenesis. Importantly, restoring NAD+ pools prevents DNA damage and tumor formation. URI expression in human HCC correlates negatively with L-tryptophan catabolism and patient survival.
The skeleton and the immune system share a variety of different cytokines and transcription factors, thereby mutually influencing each other. These interactions are not confined to the bone marrow ...cavity where bone cells and hematopoietic cells exist in proximity but also occur at locations that are target sites for inflammatory bone diseases. The newly established research area termed ‘osteoimmunology’ attempts to unravel these skeletal/immunological relationships. Studies towards a molecular understanding of inflammatory bone diseases from an immunological as well as a bone‐centered perspective have been very successful and led to the identification of several signaling pathways that are causally involved in inflammatory bone loss. Induction of receptor activator of nuclear factor (NF)‐κB ligand (RANKL) signals by activated T cells and subsequent activation of the key transcription factors Fos/activator protein‐1 (AP‐1), NF‐κB, and NF for activation of T cells c1 (NFATc1) are in the center of the signaling networks leading to osteoclast‐mediated bone loss. Conversely, nature has employed the interferon system to antagonize excessive osteoclast differentiation, although this counteracting activity appears to be overruled under pathological conditions. Here, we focus on Fos/AP‐1 functions in osteoimmunology, because this osteoclastogenic transcription factor plays a central role in inflammatory bone loss by regulating genes like NFATc1 as well as the interferon system. We also attempt to put potential therapeutic strategies for inflammatory bone diseases in perspective.
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