Nanotechnology, contrary to its name, has massively revolutionized industries around the world. This paper predominantly deals with data regarding the applications of nanotechnology in the ...modernization of several industries. A comprehensive research strategy is adopted to incorporate the latest data driven from major science platforms. Resultantly, a broad-spectrum overview is presented which comprises the diverse applications of nanotechnology in modern industries. This study reveals that nanotechnology is not limited to research labs or small-scale manufacturing units of nanomedicine, but instead has taken a major share in different industries. Companies around the world are now trying to make their innovations more efficient in terms of structuring, working, and designing outlook and productivity by taking advantage of nanotechnology. From small-scale manufacturing and processing units such as those in agriculture, food, and medicine industries to larger-scale production units such as those operating in industries of automobiles, civil engineering, and environmental management, nanotechnology has manifested the modernization of almost every industrial domain on a global scale. With pronounced cooperation among researchers, industrialists, scientists, technologists, environmentalists, and educationists, the more sustainable development of nano-based industries can be predicted in the future.
Hepatitis C virus(HCV) is a major global health problem with high morbidity and mortality. About 185 million people are living with HCV,of which 80% are living in low and middle income countries. ...With the development of new highly effective treatments for HCV,it is considered that the eradication of HCV may only be one step away. The major problem with new treatment options is its high price. The price of sofosbuvir-based treatment for one patient in the United States is US$85000-110000,while the actual production cost of a 12 wk direct-acting antiviral regimen is less than US$250. Another major hindrance in HCV eradication is the lack of quality management of blood transfusion screens. Due to the lack of HCV screening,75% of people in the United States with HCV infection are unaware of their positive HCV status. The control of massive HCV pandemic will require a significant financial investment,political will,and support from medical,pharmaceutical,and civil organizations around the globe.
Knowing the beneficial aspects of nanomedicine, scientists are trying to harness the applications of nanotechnology in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases. There are also potential uses ...in designing medical tools and processes for the new generation of medical scientists. The main objective for conducting this research review is to gather the widespread aspects of nanomedicine under one heading and to highlight standard research practices in the medical field. Comprehensive research has been conducted to incorporate the latest data related to nanotechnology in medicine and therapeutics derived from acknowledged scientific platforms. Nanotechnology is used to conduct sensitive medical procedures. Nanotechnology is showing successful and beneficial uses in the fields of diagnostics, disease treatment, regenerative medicine, gene therapy, dentistry, oncology, aesthetics industry, drug delivery, and therapeutics. A thorough association of and cooperation between physicians, clinicians, researchers, and technologies will bring forward a future where there is a more calculated, outlined, and technically programed field of nanomedicine. Advances are being made to overcome challenges associated with the application of nanotechnology in the medical field due to the pathophysiological basis of diseases. This review highlights the multipronged aspects of nanomedicine and how nanotechnology is proving beneficial for the health industry. There is a need to minimize the health, environmental, and ethical concerns linked to nanotechnology.
This review aims to summarize the currently viable vaccine strategies including the approved vaccines and the those in trials for next-generation malaria vaccines. Data on malaria vaccine development ...was collected through a comprehensive review. The literature search was performed using databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, NIH, and Web of Science. Various novel approaches of vaccination are being developed, including those based on radiation-attenuated strategies, monoclonal antibodies, targeted immunogenic peptides, RNA and DNA vaccines, nanoparticle-based vaccines, protein-based vaccination protocols, and whole organism-based vaccination strategies. Trials on RTS, S have entered phase III testing, and those based on blood-stage vaccines and vaccines to interrupt malarial transmission have advanced to higher stages of trials. Mathematical modeling, combined drug and vaccine strategies, mass drug administration, polyvalent vaccine formulations, and targeted vaccination campaigns is playing an important role in malarial prevention. Furthermore, assessing coverage, accessibility, acceptability, deployment, compilation, and adherence to specific vaccination strategies in endemic regions is essential for vaccination drives against malaria.
More than 10 million people are suffering from hepatitis C virus(HCV) in Pakistan,The available treatment option is a combination of interferon and ribavirin.Treatment response is linked with several ...factors and also induces a number of side effects.We searched in Pubmed.Pak Medi Net and Coogle Scholar for the articles presenting the effect of interferon plus ribavirin therapy on HCV patients from Pakistan,their side effects and future prospects.The major prevalent HCV genotype in Pakistan is 3.Conventional interferon alpha plus ribavirin showed sustained virological response of 54%-64%while pegylaled interferon alpha plus ribavirin showed sustained virological response of 58%-75%.IL-28 B CC genotype is linked with better sustained virological response.Studies on patients with HCV genotype 3 infections showed no correlation between treatment response and interferon sensitivity determining region mutations.Interferon therapy is linked with a number of side effects like thyroid dysfuncton.hactnatological disorders,weight loss,gastrointestinal tract side effects and neuropsychiatric side effects.Unusual side effects of clubbing of fingers and seizures were also observed in a couple of patients.Interferon alpha plus ribavirin therapy showed better response rate in HCV genotype 3 patients from Pakistan with number of side effects.A couple of interferon free therapies are light of hope for the patients living with HCV.
The interaction between SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is essential to viral attachment and the subsequent fusion process. Interfering with this event represents ...an attractive avenue for the development of therapeutics and vaccine development. Here, a hybrid approach of ligand- and structure-based virtual screening techniques were employed to disclose similar analogues of a reported antiviral phytochemical, glycyrrhizin, targeting the blockade of ACE2 interaction with the SARS-CoV-2 Spike. A ligand-based similarity search using a stringent cut-off revealed 40 FDA-approved compounds in DrugBank. These filtered hits were screened against ACE2 using a blind docking approach to determine the natural binding tendency of the compounds with ACE2. Three compounds, deslanoside, digitoxin, and digoxin, were reported to show strong binding with ACE2. These compounds bind at the H1-H2 binding pocket, in a manner similar to that of glycyrrhizin which was used as a control. To achieve consistency in the docking results, docking calculations were performed via two sets of docking software that predicted binding energy as ACE2-Deslanoside (AutoDock, −10.3 kcal/mol and DockThor, −9.53 kcal/mol), ACE2-Digitoxin (AutoDock, −10.6 kcal/mol and DockThor, −8.84 kcal/mol), and ACE2-Digoxin (AutoDock, −10.6 kcal/mol and DockThor, −8.81 kcal/mol). The docking results were validated by running molecular simulations in aqueous solution that demonstrated the stability of ACE2 with no major conformational changes in the ligand original binding mode (~ 2 Å average RMSD). Binding interactions remained quite stable with an increased potential for getting stronger as the simulation proceeded. MMGB/PBSA binding free energies were also estimated and these supported the high stability of the complexes compared to the control (~ −50 kcal/mol net MMGB/PBSA binding energy versus ~ −30 kcal/mol). Collectively, the data demonstrated that the compounds shortlisted in this study might be subjected to experimental evaluation to uncover their real blockade capacity of SARS-CoV-2 host ACE2 receptor.
Graphical abstract
In Pakistan more than 10 million people are living with Hepatitis C virus （HCV）, with high morbidity and mortality. This article reviews the prevalence, genotypes and factors associated with HCV ...infection in the Pakistani population. A literature search was performed by using the keywords; HCV prevalence, genotypes and risk factors in a Pakistani population, in Pubmed, PakMediNet and Google scholar. Ninety-one different studies dating from 1994 to May 2009 were included in this study, and weighted mean and standard error of each population group was calculated. Percentage prevalence of HCV was 4.95% ± 0.53% in the general adult population, 1.72% ± 0.24% in the pediatric population and 3.64% ± 0.31% in a young population applying for recruitment, whereas a very high 57% ±17.7% prevalence was observed in injecting drug users and 48.67% ± 1.75% in a multitransfused population. Most prevalent genotype of HCV was 3a. HCV prevalence was moderate in the general population but very high in injecting drug users and multi-transfused populations. This data suggests that the major contributing factors towards increased HCV prevalence include unchecked blood transfusions and reuse of injection syringes. Awareness programs are required to decrease the future burden of HCV in the Pakistani population.
Abstract
Mycobacteroides abscessus
(Previously
Mycobacterium abscessus
) is an emerging microorganism of the newly defined genera Mycobacteroides that causes mainly skin and tissue diseases in ...humans. The recent availability of total 34 fully sequenced genomes of different strains belonging to this species has provided an opportunity to utilize this genomics data to gain novel insights and guide the development of specific antimicrobial therapies. In the present study, we collected collectively 34 complete genome sequences of
M. abscessus
from the NCBI GenBank database. Pangenome analysis was conducted on these genomes to understand the genetic diversity and to obtain proteins associated with its core genome. These core proteins were then subjected to various subtractive filters to identify potential antigenic targets that were subjected to multi-epitope vaccine design. Our analysis projected the open pangenome of
M. abscessus
containing 3443 core genes. After applying various stepwise filtration steps on the core proteins, a total of four potential antigenic targets were identified. Utilizing their constituent CD4 and CD8 T-cell epitopes, a multi-epitope based subunit vaccine was computationally designed. Sequence-based analysis as well as structural characterization revealed the immunological effectiveness of this designed vaccine. Further molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation and binding free energy estimation with Toll-like receptor 2 indicated strong structural associations of the vaccine with the immune receptor. The promising results are encouraging and need to be validated by additional wet laboratory studies for confirmation.
West Africa is facing the worst Ebola outbreak with 3685 cases and 1841 deaths reported from Liberia,Cuinea,Senegal,Sierra Leona and Nigeria.There is no vaccine or direct treatment available to treat ...the patients with Ebola.World Health Organization(WHO) has approved the use of experimental drugs for Ebola patients.Health workers are at high risk.The governments and WHO are responsible to provide necessary protective equipment to health workers dealing with Ebola.There is a strong need to identify the invisible chains of virus transmission.World Bank pledges $200 million to fight against Ebola,while WHO said $430 million are needed to control the Ebola outbreak.Ebola can be contained by early detection and isolation of case,contact tracing,monitoring of contacts and adaptation of rigorous procedures for virus control.
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AI as a 4.0 industrial revolution is increasingly bringing smart solutions to humans. AI brings benefits in terms of reduced energy consumption, induced cost-effectiveness, reduced ...operational risks, and increased performance matrices. The review will elaborate on how AI is revolutionizing various industries, including food, drug discovery, e-commerce, and chemical industries, by offering smart solutions. Resulting in reduced energy consumption, enhanced cost-effectiveness, mitigated operational risks, and improved performance metrics. Additionally, the results section will also elaborate on AI applications extended beyond these major sectors into numerous others, such as cosmetics, tourism, automobile, mechanical, environmental management, gaming, textile, entertainment, and enzymatic design industries. The integration of AI facilitates efficient structuring, administration, design, productivity, manufacturing, promotion, and accessibility of industrial products. However, its utilization remains under-regulated and predominantly limited to modernized economies, necessitating broader integration across small-scale, medium-scale, and large-scale industries in both developing and developed countries. Collaboration among academics, researchers, industrialists, economists, administrative personnel, technologists, and environmentalists is crucial to foster a more sustainable, energy-efficient, economically viable, and safe integration of AI across various industries worldwide.
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