Dynamic programming is a well-known method to evaluate and generate the optimal control of hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) on given driving cycles. Because of its computational complexity the method ...per se is not suitable for realtime implementation especially with higher dimensions. In this paper an iterative dynamic programming (IDP) approach is proposed to reduce computing time by converging the optimal control strategy iteratively within an adaptive multidimensional search space. The velocity is investigated as a new degree of freedom to include the influence of a variable driving trajectory. The approach is implemented as a nonlinear model predictive controller, with the main focus on savings in computing time.
There are several applications that need far trajectory planning within optimal control problems. One use case is the optimal predictive control of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV). It is ...possible to find an optimal control with models of the vehicle and environment and a fast optimization algorithm that is capable to calculate over long distances within seconds so that dynamic information such as traffic can be recognized quickly. In this paper, several methods based on dynamic programming (DP) are combined to generate approximated optimal control trajectories with a reduced computational complexity to achieve close-to-real-time application. The resulting trajectories are transferred as strategic planning trajectory to subordinated vehicle controllers. Close-to-optimal trajectories are achieved with a large reduction in memory.
This work combines the current trends in automotive industries (E-mobility, autonomous driving and connected car) in a new design of a driver assistance system for Hybrid Electric Vehicles that ...overtakes the speed control as well as the control of the energy management.
Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) combine both a powerful engine and the ability to reduce fuel consumption through an electric machine by intelligent control of a complex drive train. The driving ...strategy controls the speed and the operating strategy controls the energy management of the HEV. Both are combined in one optimization. The result is a driver assistance system that is tuned with predictive information about the upcoming route. A novel algorithm based on dynamic programming (DP) is presented that allows real-time application by introducing heuristic model-based optimization space reductions. The main focus is on the design and dimensioning of a slim DP algorithm with the capability to find an optimal control in close real-time.
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident stress protein gp96 induces protective immunity and specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses against antigens expressed in those cells it has been ...isolated from. This ability is based on peptides associated with gp96. Because gp96 is located inside the ER, our experiments address the question whether or not the repertoire of peptides associated with gp96 is influenced by the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP). For this purpose, gp96 was isolated from cells with and without a TAP defect and used for immunization of mice. We found that for some antigens the association of peptides with gp96 required functional TAP molecules, whereas the association of peptides from other antigens was TAP independent. In the case of a TAP-dependent association of peptides with gp96, our results prove that peptide binding by gp96 in vivo occurs inside the ER and is not an artifact induced by cell lysis during the gp96 purification. The finding that some antigens can also associate with gp96 in the absence of functional TAP molecules indicates that the repertoire of peptides bound by gp96 truly reflects the entire repertoire of peptides present inside the ER and not only those peptides transported by TAP. These results, together with the earlier finding that the gp96 peptide repertoire is independent of the major histocompatibility complex molecules expressed by the cell gp96 is isolated from, give the theoretical foundation for the ability of gp96 to induce CTL responses against all kinds of intracellular antigens.
Abstract Introduction First aid measures can be life-saving. Starting first aid education early may strengthen interest, motivation and ability to provide first aid. Objective To determine if a first ...aid teaching program including 5 lessons (45 min each) of theoretical and practical training for 6–7-year-old children can influence their performance in a first aid scenario. Methods 228 primary school children at the age of 6–7 years were included in the study, 102 girls and 126 boys. One child was 5 years old. 117 children were taught basic first aid measures and 111 without training served as control group. In the test scenario the children had to provide first aid to an unconscious victim after a cycle accident. The course participants were retested after 6 months. Results Statistically significant differences between course participants compared to those without training could be shown for all tested subjects, including correct assessment of consciousness ( p < 0.001), correct assessment of breathing ( p < 0.001), knowledge of the correct emergency telephone number ( p < 0.001), giving correct emergency call information ( p < 0.001), knowledge of correct recovery position ( p < 0.001), correct airway management ( p < 0.001). Retesting after 6 months showed statistically significant differences for 5 of 6 tested items. Conclusion 6–7-Year-old children can give basic first aid to an unconscious patient. A course with 5 lessons leads to a significant increase in first aid knowledge and skills. Knowledge retention is good after 6 months. All primary school children should receive first aid training starting in first grade.
Prematurity and the associated risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) remain a significant threat to extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants. Vitamin A has been considered a therapeutic ...alternative in reducing the rate of BPD and mortality.
To investigate whether early postnatal, additional high-dose oral vitamin A supplementation for 28 days is more efficient in reducing BPD or death in ELBW infants than placebo treatment.
This is a multicenter, double-blind RCT comparing postnatal high-dose oral vitamin A supplementation (5,000 IU vitamin A/kg/day vs. placebo) for 28 days in ELBW neonates requiring mechanical ventilation, noninvasive ventilatory support or supplemental oxygen at 24 h of age. The primary end point is the proportion of children who died before 36 weeks' gestational age or developed moderate or severe BPD. BPD is defined as the need for supplemental oxygen to maintain SaO2 of ≥92% at rest at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age (PMA). Clinical secondary end points include the following: BPD (including mild form), intraventricular hemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia, retinopathy of prematurity, necrotizing enterocolitis, total number of days of mechanical ventilation and oxygen supplementation, and safety and tolerability of high-dose vitamin A supplementation.
The results of the NeoVitaA trial will provide robust data with regard to the efficacy of high-dose oral vitamin A supplementation in reducing the incidence of BPD or death at 36 weeks' PMA in ELBW infants.
The superconducting transition temperature and critical magnetic field observed in compacted Pt powder samples with submicrometer grain size are as high as 20 mK and 18 mT and thus more than one ...order of magnitude larger than for those with larger (micrometer) grain size. The submicrometer samples exhibit strong lattice strain and significantly smaller Debye temperatures compared to bulk platinum. Moreover, the ferromagnetic spin fluctuations of the conduction electrons are partially quenched in these compacts.
The superconducting transition temperature and critical magnetic field observed in compacted Pt powder samples with
submicrometer grain size are as high as
20
mK
and
18
mT
and thus more than one ...order of magnitude larger than for those with larger (micrometer) grain size. The submicrometer samples exhibit strong lattice strain and significantly smaller Debye temperatures compared to bulk platinum. Moreover, the ferromagnetic spin fluctuations of the conduction electrons are partially quenched in these compacts.
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