Scholarship on the American trial penalty, vast and diverse, analyzes it in connection with plea bargaining's dominance, its growth starting in the last third of the nineteenth century, and ...present-day racial disparities at sentencing. The over criminalization and quick processing of people of color in southwest border districts cannot be understood without an analysis of how trial sanctions impact illegal entry and drug trafficking in these busy jurisdictions. Professor Ronald Wright wrote about the role of prosecutorial power and plea bargaining in the federal system, but he passed over how and why immigration crimes became widespread. Any discussion of prosecutors and plea bargaining requires an understanding of how they manage illegal entrants and drug couriers--the most prevalent defendants in federal court.
The Pawnee M5.8 earthquake is the largest event in Oklahoma instrument recorded history. It occurred near the edge of active seismic zones, similar to other M5+ earthquakes since 2011. It ruptured a ...previously unmapped fault and triggered aftershocks along a complex conjugate fault system. With a high-resolution earthquake catalog, we observe propagating foreshocks leading to the mainshock within 0.5 km distance, suggesting existence of precursory aseismic slip. At approximately 100 days before the mainshock, two M ≥ 3.5 earthquakes occurred along a mapped fault that is conjugate to the mainshock fault. At about 40 days before, two earthquakes clusters started, with one M3 earthquake occurred two days before the mainshock. The three M ≥ 3 foreshocks all produced positive Coulomb stress at the mainshock hypocenter. These foreshock activities within the conjugate fault system are near-instantaneously responding to variations in injection rates at 95% confidence. The short time delay between injection and seismicity differs from both the hypothetical expected time scale of diffusion process and the long time delay observed in this region prior to 2016, suggesting a possible role of elastic stress transfer and critical stress state of the fault. Our results suggest that the Pawnee earthquake is a result of interplay among injection, tectonic faults, and foreshocks.
Abstracts Lacertus fibrosus Syndrome (LFS) is a rare cause of persistent medial elbow pain in baseball players, often not considered in the initial diagnostic considerations. This case report details ...a 19-year-old collegiate baseball player who presented with insidious left anterior medial elbow pain, initially diagnosed as biceps tendonitis. The patient did not experience pain relief after six months of conservative management. Sonopalpation during diagnostic ultrasound localized the source of pain to the median nerve at the level of the lacertus fibrosus, and the decision was made to perform ultrasound-guided hydrodissection of the median nerve at this level. The procedure resulted in rapid and sustained symptom relief without the scarring that has been associated with traditional surgical techniques. To date, there has been no study investigating the use of ultrasound-guided hydrodissection targeting lacertus fibrosus. This report highlights the importance of considering LFS in throwing athletes with persistent elbow pain, and advocates for considering ultrasound-guided hydrodissection as a management option for patients with clinical suspicion of LFS.
The Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package HP
3
for the InSight mission will attempt the first measurement of the planetary heat flow of Mars. The data will be taken at the InSight landing site in ...Elysium planitia (136
∘
E, 5
∘
N) and the uncertainty of the measurement aimed for shall be better than ±5 mW m
−2
. The package consists of a mechanical hammering device called the “Mole” for penetrating into the regolith, an instrumented tether which the Mole pulls into the ground, a fixed radiometer to determine the surface brightness temperature and an electronic box. The Mole and the tether are housed in a support structure before being deployed. The tether is equipped with 14 platinum resistance temperature sensors to measure temperature differences with a 1-
σ
uncertainty of 6.5 mK. Depth is determined by a tether length measurement device that monitors the amount of tether extracted from the support structure and a tiltmeter that measures the angle of the Mole axis to the local gravity vector. The Mole includes temperature sensors and heaters to measure the regolith thermal conductivity to better than 3.5% (1-
σ
) using the Mole as a modified line heat source. The Mole is planned to advance at least 3 m—sufficiently deep to reduce errors from daily surface temperature forcings—and up to 5 m into the martian regolith. After landing, HP
3
will be deployed onto the martian surface by a robotic arm after choosing an instrument placement site that minimizes disturbances from shadows caused by the lander and the seismometer. The Mole will then execute hammering cycles, advancing 50 cm into the subsurface at a time, followed by a cooldown period of at least 48 h to allow heat built up during hammering to dissipate. After an equilibrated thermal state has been reached, a thermal conductivity measurement is executed for 24 h. This cycle is repeated until the final depth of 5 m is reached or further progress becomes impossible. The subsequent monitoring phase consists of hourly temperature measurements and lasts until the end of the mission. Model calculations show that the duration of temperature measurement required to sufficiently reduce the error introduced by annual surface temperature forcings is 0.6 martian years for a final depth of 3 m and 0.1 martian years for the target depth of 5 m.
Rare Cause of Locked Pinky in a Golfer: A Clinical Vignette Nakagawa, Hirotaka F; Mitchell, Kristen; Sussman, Walter I
American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation,
2024-Apr-01, 2024-4-00, 20240401, Letnik:
103, Številka:
4
Journal Article
The purpose of this study was to compare a traditional barbotage technique with percutaneous ultrasonic barbotage (PUB) for the treatment of rotator cuff (RC) calcific tendinopathy.
Three-year ...retrospective review.
Participants aged 18 to 75 presenting at 2 highly specialized outpatient orthopedic referral centers with symptomatic RC calcific tendinopathy.
There were 75 patients included (23 patients in the traditional barbotage group; 52 patients in the PUB group) with an average age of 55.3(6.5) and 55.9(9.8), respectively. There was no significant difference in demographics between groups.
Traditional barbotage or PUB.
Primary outcome measure was pain rated on the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) with secondary outcomes investigating patient satisfaction.
The barbotage and PUB group demonstrated a significant improvement in pain (barbotage 2.4, P = 0.01; PUB = 2.6, P < 0.001) with no statistically significant difference between the 2 treatment modalities (95% CI: -1.8 to 2.2; P = 0.83, P = 0.83). Median follow-up for NPRS recordings was 17-weeks in the barbotage group and 8-weeks in the PUB group (P = 0.004). Both groups demonstrated similar patient-reported satisfaction, without major complications.
The traditional barbotage and PUB procedures improved pain with a high patient satisfaction rate.
Level III.
Osteitis pubis is a common source of groin pain in athletes participating in sports requiring kicking, twisting, and pivoting movements. Athletes will present with progressive pain or discomfort in ...the pubic area or groin. There is usually point tenderness over the pubic symphysis and pain localizing to the adductor or rectus abdominis tendons. Conservative management often includes activity modification, oral medications, progressive rehabilitation, therapeutic ultrasound, steroid injections, and prolotherapy. Osteitis pubis can be refractory to conservative management and can keep an athlete sidelined for as long as 2 years. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections have been used for pubic symphysis pain, but reports have focused on pathology affecting the rectus abdominis or hip adductor muscle tendons. In this article, we present a case of isolated osteitis pubis, without overlapping rectus abdominis or adductor tendon involvement, successfully treated with an ultrasound-guided PRP injection of the fibrocartilage.
The medial collateral ligament (MCL) is the most commonly injured ligament of the knee. Most grade I and II injuries respond to conservative management, but symptoms persist in some patients. In ...these cases, treatment options are limited. Percutaneous ultrasonic debridement is increasingly being used for tendinopathy and fasciopathy refractory to conservative management, but this has not been reported as a treatment for ligament injury. Here, we present a case of a chronic grade II MCL sprain successfully treated with percutaneous ultrasonic debridement.
Residual limb pain is common after amputation. Painful osteophytes are one of many causes of residual limb pain, and cases that fail conservative management may require open surgical resection. Here ...we present a novel percutaneous ultrasound‐guided approach to remove a painful osteophyte in a transfemoral amputee. This procedure successfully treated this patient's residual limb pain while minimizing the risks associated with open surgical resection.
Water that pressurizes the base of glaciers and ice sheets enhances glacier velocities and modulates glacial erosion. Predicting ice flow and erosion therefore requires knowledge of subglacial ...channel evolution, which remains observationally limited. Here we demonstrate that detailed analysis of seismic ground motion caused by subglacial water flow at Mendenhall Glacier (Alaska) allows for continuous measurement of daily to subseasonal changes in basal water pressure gradient, channel size, and sediment transport. We observe intermittent subglacial water pressure gradient changes during the melt season, at odds with common assumptions of slowly varying, low‐pressure channels. These observations indicate that changes in channel size do not keep pace with changes in discharge. This behavior strongly affects glacier dynamics and subglacial channel erosion at Mendenhall Glacier, where episodic periods of high water pressure gradients enhance glacier surface velocity and channel sediment transport by up to 30% and 50%, respectively. We expect the application of this framework to future seismic observations acquired at glaciers worldwide to improve our understanding of subglacial processes.
Key Points
We measure key subglacial channel physical parameters from the analysis of seismic ground motion
Water input changes are accommodated by pressure gradient changes at short time scales and by channel size changes at longer time scales
Increases in subglacial channel pressure gradient correlate with increases in glacier velocity and sediment transport
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