primal-dual weak Galerkin finite element method. Error estimates of optimal order are derived for the corresponding finite element approximations in a discrete H^2-norm, as well as the usual H^1- and ...L^2-norms. The convergence theory is based on the assumption that the solution of the model problem is H^2-regular, and that the coefficient tensor in the PDE is piecewise continuous and uniformly positive definite in the domain. Some numerical results are presented for smooth and non-smooth coefficients on convex and non-convex domains, which not only confirm the developed convergence theory but also a superconvergence result.>
Afforestation is a primary tool for controlling desertification and soil erosion in China. Large-scale afforestation, however, has complex and poorly understood consequences for the structure and ...composition of future ecosystems. Here, we discuss the potential links between China's historical large-scale afforestation practices and the program's effects on environmental restoration in arid and semi-arid regions in northern China based on a review of data from published papers, and offer recommendations to overcome the shortcomings of current environmental policy. Although afforestation is potentially an important approach for environmental restoration, current Chinese policy has not been tailored to local environmental conditions, leading to the use of inappropriate species and an overemphasis on tree and shrub planting, thereby compromising the ability to achieve environmental policy goals. China's huge investment to increase forest cover seems likely to exacerbate environmental degradation in environmentally fragile areas because it has ignored climate, pedological, hydrological, and landscape factors that would make a site unsuitable for afforestation. This has, in many cases, led to the deterioration of soil ecosystems and decreased vegetation cover, and has exacerbated water shortages. Large-scale and long-term research is urgently needed to provide information that supports a more effective and flexible environmental restoration policy.
Sex differences exist in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Better understanding of the underlying mechanisms for sexual dimorphism in energy balance may facilitate development of gender-specific ...therapies for human diseases, e.g. obesity. Multiple organs, including the brain, liver, fat and muscle, play important roles in the regulations of feeding behavior, energy expenditure and physical activity, which therefore contribute to the maintenance of energy balance. It has been increasingly appreciated that this multi-organ system is under different regulations in male vs female animals. Much of effort has been focused on roles of sex hormones (including androgens, estrogens and progesterone) and sex chromosomes in this sex-specific regulation of energy balance. Emerging evidence also indicates that other factors (not sex hormones/receptors and not encoded by the sex chromosomes) exist to regulate energy homeostasis differentially in males vs females. In this review, we summarize factors and signals that have been shown to regulate energy homeostasis in a sexually dimorphic fashion and propose a framework where these factors and signals may be integrated to mediate sex differences in energy homeostasis.
Interferon-α (IFNα) signaling is essential for antiviral response via induction of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Through a non-biased high-throughput RNAi screening of 711 known epigenetic modifiers ...in cellular models of IFNα-mediated inhibition of HBV replication, we identified methyltransferase SETD2 as a critical amplifier of IFNα-mediated antiviral immunity. Conditional knockout mice with hepatocyte-specific deletion of Setd2 exhibit enhanced HBV infection. Mechanistically, SETD2 directly mediates STAT1 methylation on lysine 525 via its methyltransferase activity, which reinforces IFN-activated STAT1 phosphorylation and antiviral cellular response. In addition, SETD2 selectively catalyzes the tri-methylation of H3K36 on promoters of some ISGs such as ISG15, leading to gene activation. Our study identifies STAT1 methylation on K525 catalyzed by the methyltransferase SETD2 as an essential signaling event for IFNα-dependent antiviral immunity and indicates potential of SETD2 in controlling viral infections.
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•SETD2 is a critical amplifier of IFNα antiviral immunity•Loss of SETD2 in hepatocytes promotes HBV infection and, consequently, liver damage•STAT1 methylation on K525 is necessary for its phosphorylation and activation•SETD2 enhances antiviral immunity by directly methylating STAT1 on K525
Multilayer epigenetic modulations of IFNα-dependent signaling responses by the methyltransferase SETD2 are essential for the amplification of antiviral immunity.
g-C3N4 has received extensive attention because of its good chemical stability and environmental friendliness. Since g-C3N4 prepared from various precursors had different photocatalytic activities, ...g-C3N4 materials marked as U-gCN, D-gCN and M-gCN were synthesized from various precursors of urea, dicyandiamide and melamine, respectively. The D-gCN and M-gCN with smaller surface area were heated again to obtain exfoliated g-C3N4 with 2D nanosheet morphology and larger specific surface area named D-gCN-L and M-gCN-L, respectively. The synthesized bulk g-C3N4 and g-C3N4 2D nanosheets were characterized by XRD, SEM, BET, PL, UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, XPS, zeta potential and TG. The photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) was carried out on U-gCN, D-gCN, M-gCN, D-gCN-L and M-gCN-L, and D-gCN-L shows the highest photocatalytic degradation performance because of its larger specific surface area, lower electron-hole recombination and wide light absorption range.
The compounding of polyoxometalates (POMs) with structurally well-defined and porous metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) has become a hot research topic. Here, a core–shell type hybrid, ...{Ag5BW12O40}@Ag3(μ-Hbtc)(μ-H2btc)n (called {Ag5BW12O40}@Ag-BTC-2, where BTC = 1,3,5-benzyl carboxylic acid), was successfully prepared via a simple grinding method. IR, XRD, SEM, TEM, and XPS analysis was used to confirm the structure. The specific capacitance is 179.1 F g−1 when the current density is 1 A g−1, using nickel foam as the collector, and the capacitance retention is 97.4% after 5000 cycles. The resulting aqueous-based symmetric supercapacitor has a power density of 496 W kg−1 and an energy density of 12.4 W h kg−1. In addition, the degradation rates using {Ag5BW12O40}@Ag-BTC-2 toward methylene blue (MB), rhodamine B (RhB), and methyl orange (MO) exceeded 90% in 140 min and remained essentially unchanged over five replicate experiments, showing high photocatalytic activity. Meanwhile, when {Ag5BW12O40}@Ag-BTC-2 acts as a H2O2 biosensor, it has a low detection limit (0.19 μM), a wide linear range (0.4 μM–0.27 mM) and high anti-interference properties. This shows that the synthesis of POMOFs via a grinding method is an effective strategy to improve the performance.
Large-scale genotyping plays an important role in genetic association studies. It has provided new opportunities for gene discovery, especially when combined with high-throughput sequencing ...technologies. Here, we report an efficient solution for large-scale genotyping. We call it specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq). SLAF-seq technology has several distinguishing characteristics: i) deep sequencing to ensure genotyping accuracy; ii) reduced representation strategy to reduce sequencing costs; iii) pre-designed reduced representation scheme to optimize marker efficiency; and iv) double barcode system for large populations. In this study, we tested the efficiency of SLAF-seq on rice and soybean data. Both sets of results showed strong consistency between predicted and practical SLAFs and considerable genotyping accuracy. We also report the highest density genetic map yet created for any organism without a reference genome sequence, common carp in this case, using SLAF-seq data. We detected 50,530 high-quality SLAFs with 13,291 SNPs genotyped in 211 individual carp. The genetic map contained 5,885 markers with 0.68 cM intervals on average. A comparative genomics study between common carp genetic map and zebrafish genome sequence map showed high-quality SLAF-seq genotyping results. SLAF-seq provides a high-resolution strategy for large-scale genotyping and can be generally applicable to various species and populations.
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Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Successful synthesis of three kinds of dynamically stable compounds by a simple grinding method is reported, giving Ag6Mo7O24, Ag‐BTC (Ag‐MOF, BTC=benzene‐1,3,5‐tricarboxylic acid), and ...{Ag6Mo7O24}@Ag‐MOF metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). According to the electrochemical dynamic analysis, these materials have pseudocapacitor behavior and high capacitance. The unique nanorod structure of {Ag6Mo7O24}@Ag‐MOF provides more active sites, faster ion/electron transfer, and electrolyte diffusion pathways, resulting in excellent specific capacitance (971 F g−1) higher than the other compounds. {Ag6Mo7O24}@Ag‐MOF (glassy carbon electrode) also has an excellent rate ability (60.1 %) and long cycle stability (98 % retention after 5000 cycles). In addition, the fully symmetrical button battery (with nickel foam as the current collector) fabricated with {Ag6Mo7O24}@Ag‐MOF delivers an energy density of 11.1 Wh kg−1 at 600.1 Wh kg−1 coupled with excellent cycling stability (86.4 %) at 1.2 V. These results demonstrate a new simple grinding method to prepare polyoxometalate‐based metal–organic frameworks (POMOFs) for high‐performance materials.
The daily grind: Metal–organic framework (MOF) compounds are successfully synthesized by a simple grinding method. The resulting {Ag6Mo7O24}@Ag‐MOF (glassy carbon electrode) has the high specific capacitance of 971 F g−1 (higher than other compounds), excellent rate ability, and long cycle stability. In addition, the fully symmetrical button battery with {Ag6Mo7O24}@Ag‐MOF delivers an energy density of 11.1 Wh kg−1 at 600.1 Wh kg−1 coupled with excellent cycling stability (86.4 %) at 1.2 V.
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► SiOx/C composite with nano-scale core–shell structure. ► The core SiOx is consisting of amorphous Si clusters and crystalline SiO2 domains. ► SiOx/C composite anode shows high ...specific capacity and good cycling stability.
Nano-sized SiOx/C composite with core–shell structure is prepared by a modified Stöber method. After heat-treatment, the O/Si ratio in SiOx/C composite is near 1 and the core of SiOx presents a structure composing of amorphous Si clusters and ordered SiO2 domains. SiOx/C composite anode shows high specific capacity (ca. 800mAhg−1), excellent cycling stability, good rate-capability but low initial coulombic efficiency. Li2O and Li4SiO4 may generate in the initial lithiation process, which, combining with the carbon shell, can buffer the volume change caused by the alloying of Si with Li, and thereby improving the cycling stability of electrode. The nano feature of SiOx/C particle and the electronic conductive nature of carbon coating layer ensure the good rate-capability of SiOx/C electrode.
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