Based on the Wigner function in local equilibrium, we derive hydrodynamical quantities for a system of polarized spin-1/2 particles: the particle number current density, the energy-momentum tensor, ...the spin tensor, and the dipole moment tensor. Compared with ideal hydrodynamics without spin, additional terms at the first and second orders in the Knudsen number
Kn
and the average spin polarization
χ
s
have been derived. The Wigner function can be expressed in terms of matrix-valued distributions, whose equilibrium forms are characterized by thermodynamical parameters in quantum statistics. The equations of motion for these parameters are derived by conservation laws at the leading and next-to-leading order
Kn
and
χ
s
.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is known to stimulate plant drought tolerance. However, the molecular basis for the direct involvement of AM fungi (AMF) in plant water relations has not been ...established.
Two full-length aquaporin genes, namely GintAQPF1 and GintAQPF2, were cloned by rapid amplification of cDNA 5'- and 3'-ends from an AMF, Glomus intraradices. Aquaporin localization, activities and water permeability were examined by heterologous expression in yeast. Gene expression during symbiosis was also analyzed by quantitative real-time polymer-ase chain reaction.
GintAQPF1 was localized to the plasma membrane of yeast, whereas GintAQPF2 was localized to both plasma and intracellular membranes. Transformed yeast cells exhibited a signifi-cant decrease in cell volume on hyperosmotic shock and faster protoplast bursting on hypo-osmotic shock. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) stimulated, but glycerol inhibited, the aquaporin activities. Furthermore, the expression of the two genes in arbuscule-enriched cortical cells and extraradical mycelia of maize roots was also enhanced significantly under drought stress.
GintAQPF1 and GintAQPF2 are the first two functional aquaporin genes from AMF reported to date. Our data strongly support potential water transport via AMF to host plants, which leads to a better understanding of the important role of AMF in plant drought tolerance.
From the perspective of both fundamental and applied science, it is extremely advisable to develop a facile and feasible strategy for fabricating gels with defined structures. Herein, the authors ...report the rapid synthesis of patterned gels by conducting frontal polymerization (FP) at millimeter‐scale (2 mm), where a series of microchannels, including linear‐, parallel‐, divergent‐, snakelike‐, circular‐ and concentric circular channels, were used. They have investigated the effect of various factors (monomer mass ratio, channel size, initiator concentration, and solvent content) on FP at millimeter‐scale, along with the propagating rule of the front during FP in these microchannels. In addition, we developed a new microfluidic‐assisted FP (MFP) strategy by combining the FP and microfluidic technique. Interestingly, the MFP can realize the production of hollow‐structured gel in a rapid and continuous fashion, which have never been reported. Our work not only offers an effective pathway towards patterned gels by the microchannel‐conformal FP, but also gives new insight into the continuous production of hollow‐structured materials. Such a method will be beneficial for fabricating vessel and scaffold materials in a flexible, easy‐to‐perform, time and energy saving way.
The authors realize the microchannel‐conformal frontal polymerization (FP) at millimeter‐scale (2 mm). By using a series of microchannels, patterned gels including linear‐, parallel‐, divergent‐, snakelike‐, circular‐, and concentric circular‐shaped gels are successfully achieved within several minutes. In addition, a new microfluidic‐assisted FP is developed, enabling the facile synthesis of hollow‐structured gels in a controllable and continuous manner.
Inspired by the hierarchical structure of nacre, this study prepared a lightweight, flexible, and superhydrophobic polyacrylonitrile (PAN)@SiO2-Ag composite nanofibrous film with high performance ...electromagnetic-interference shielding via electrospinning. SiO2 incorporated into PAN electro-spun films provided the adhesion site for Ag nanoparticles (AgNPS). AgNPS were then deposited onto the surface of PAN@SiO2 electrospinning nanofibers via facile wet electroless deposition, thus endowing the resulting nanofibers with a core–shell structure. After finishing with a PTDT agent, PAN@SiO2-Ag composite nanofiber films had super hydrophobic property, and their water contact angle reached 156.99°. This scenario also presented high conductivity (approximately 17,788 S/m), average shielding effectiveness (SE), specific SE (SSE), and SSE/t, achieving 82 dB, 367 dB cm3g−1 and 73,478 dB cm2g−1, respectively. This study provides an easy method to prepare bioinspired composite films with high conductive and electromagnetic shielding and high potential applications, such as in wearable and flexible sensors.
Abstract
Mis-regulated RNA modifications promote the processing and translation of oncogenic mRNAs to facilitate cancer progression, while the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here we reveal that ...tRNA m
7
G methyltransferase complex proteins METTL1 and WDR4 are significantly up-regulated in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) tissues and associated with poor ESCC prognosis. In addition, METTL1 and WDR4 promote ESCC progression via the tRNA m
7
G methyltransferase activity in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, METTL1 or WDR4 knockdown leads to decreased expression of m
7
G-modified tRNAs and reduces the translation of a subset of oncogenic transcripts enriched in RPTOR/ULK1/autophagy pathway. Furthermore, ESCC models using
Mettl1
conditional knockout and knockin mice uncover the essential function of METTL1 in promoting ESCC tumorigenesis in vivo. Our study demonstrates the important oncogenic function of mis-regulated tRNA m
7
G modification in ESCC, and suggest that targeting METTL1 and its downstream signaling axis could be a promising therapeutic target for ESCC treatment.
Predictive maintenance (PM) and quality management help to improve the business bottom line by alleviating the system performance degradation caused by unscheduled machine breakdown and product ...quality problems. In modern production systems, the wide application of new IT technology results in data-rich environments. However, it is not clear how to take advantage of the data to facilitate maintenance decision-making and production performance improvement. Aiming at multistage production systems with batching machines and finite buffers, this research studies data-driven modelling, analysis and improvement of production systems with predictive maintenance and product quality. First, a data-driven quantitative method is proposed to analyze the impact of machine breakdowns, predictive maintenance and product quality failure on system performance. Then, based on the obtained system production loss, a PM decision model is established to minimise the maintenance and production costs, and the optimal maintenance policy is exploited based on an approximate dynamic programming algorithm. In addition, downtime bottleneck (DT-BN) is defined, and a data-driven bottleneck indicator is derived. A continuous improvement method is established through the identification and mitigation of the bottlenecks. Finally, numerical case studies are performed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed PM decision model and continuous improvement method.
Enantioselective copper-catalyzed cascade inter- and intramolecular amidation was achieved between ethynyl benzoxazinanones and α-halohydroxamates in the presence of an indapybox ligand. The one-pot ...cascade transformation was triggered by the attack of hydroxamates to dipolar copper–allenylidene intermediates, followed by a nucleophilic annulation reaction. Thus, a series of exo -methylene 3-aminoindoline derivatives were obtained in good yields with high enantioselectivities under mild reaction conditions.
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