Abstract Previous studies have demonstrated that the thalamus is involved in multiple functional circuits in participants with schizophrenia. However, less is known about the thalamocortical circuit ...in the rare subtype of early-onset schizophrenia. A total of 110 participants with early-onset schizophrenia (47 antipsychotic–naive patients) and 70 matched healthy controls were recruited and underwent resting-state functional and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging scans. A data-driven parcellation method that combined the high spatial resolution of diffusion magnetic resonance imaging and the high sensitivity of functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to divide the thalamus. Next, the functional connectivity between each thalamic subdivision and the cortex/cerebellum was investigated. Compared to healthy controls, individuals with early-onset schizophrenia exhibited hypoconnectivity between subdivisions of the thalamus and the frontoparietal network, visual network, ventral attention network, somatomotor network and cerebellum, and hyperconnectivity between subdivisions of thalamus and the parahippocampal and temporal gyrus, which were included in limbic network. The functional connectivity between the right posterior cingulate cortex and 1 subdivision of the thalamus (region of interest 1) was positively correlated with the general psychopathology scale score. This study showed that the specific thalamocortical dysconnection in individuals with early-onset schizophrenia involves the prefrontal, auditory and visual cortices, and cerebellum. This study identified thalamocortical connectivity as a potential biomarker and treatment target for early-onset schizophrenia.
Varying dietary inclusion levels of fish protein hydrolysates (FPH) were applied in a feeding experiment with juvenile largemouth bass (
) to assess their effects on growth, intestinal antioxidant ...status, immunity, and microflora. FPH were added in 4 dietary levels: 0 g/kg (control group, FPH-0), 10 g/kg (FPH-10), 30 g/kg (FPH-30), and 50 g/kg (FPH-50) dry matter, respectively substituting 0, 5.3, 16.3, and 27.3% of fish meal with dietary fish meal. Quadruplicate groups of 25 juvenile largemouth bass with initial body weight 9.51 ± 0.03 g were fed during the 56-day feeding experiment. Experimental results showed that fish fed FPH-30 obtained a significantly higher weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and significant feed conversion rate (FCR) compared to the other three groups (
< 0.05). FPH-30 group also promoted protein synthesis and deposition, as evidenced by the higher whole-body crude protein contents, the higher expressions of GH1, IGF-1, TOR, and S6K in the liver, and SLC7A5, SLC7A8, SLC38A2, and SLC15A2 in the intestine than the other three groups. FPH-30 group could also enhance intestinal health status by increasing the activities of SOD, POD, CAT, GSH-Px, and T-AOC activities by upregulating the expressions of SOD, GSH-Px, IL1β, and TNFβ, and by reducing the MDA contents and the expressions of IL15, Caspase 3, Caspase 9, and Caspase 10 than other groups. Compared to the control group, the
abundance markedly decreased in FPH treatments, while the variation tendency of the phylum
was opposite. The peak value of
ratio and the lowest of
abundance were seen in largemouth bass fed FPH-30 (
< 0.05). Fish in three FPH treatments had lower abundances of opportunistic pathogens
and
than fish in the control group. In conclusion, FPH is a nutritious feed ingredient for juvenile largemouth bass, and can be added to a dietary level of 30 g/kg dry matter replacing fish meal without any negative effect on growth and feed utilization. FPH supplements could also strengthen the intestinal immune mechanisms of largemouth bass to tackle the immunodeficiency produced by fish meal replacement.
An immunoaffinity magnetic beads (IMBs) based automatic pretreatment method was developed for the quantitative analysis of deoxynivalenol (DON) by ultra-performance liquid chromatography and ...ultraviolet detector (UPLC-UV). First, N-hydroxysuccinimide-terminated magnetic beads (NHS-MBs) with good magnetic responsivity and dispersibility were synthesized and characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and laser diffraction-based particle size analyzer. Then, the amino groups of anti-DON monoclonal antibody (mAb) and the NHS groups of NHS-MBs were linked by covalent bonds to prepare IMB, without any activation reagent. The essential factors affecting the binding and elution of DON were meticulously tuned. Under optimal conditions, DON could be extracted from a real sample and eluted from IMB by water, enabling environmentally friendly and green analysis. Hence, there was no need for dilution or evaporation prior to UPLC-UV analysis. DON in 20 samples could be purified and concentrated within 30 min by the mycotoxin automated purification instrument (MAPI), allowing for automated, green, high-throughput and simple clean-up. Recoveries at four distinct spiking levels in corn and wheat ranged from 92.0% to 109.5% with good relative standard deviations (RSD, 2.1-7.0%). Comparing the test results of IAC and IMB in commercial samples demonstrated the reliability and superiority of IMB for quantitatively analyzing massive samples.
Aim . This study aims to investigate the level of organizational learning within urban Chinese Community Health Centres and reveal its potential association with primary care nurses’ work performance ...and well‐being. Background . Globally, there is a push to establish learning healthcare systems for complex health reform challenges. Existing studies on organizational learning mainly focus on North American and European hospital settings, offering limited insights into primary care environments, particularly in developing countries. Design . Cross‐sectional study. Methods . We recruited 175 nurses from 38 community health centres in four Chinese cities (Shanghai, Shenzhen, Tianjin, and Jinan) using convenience sampling. Trained research assistants conducted face‐to‐face surveys, measuring organizational learning with the Learning Orientation Scale. Nurse‐level outcomes included self‐directed learning, quality of care, organizational commitment, and work stress. Data analysis employed multilevel linear modelling. Results . The 38 community health centres displayed a relatively high level of organizational learning, and there was a positive and significant association between organizational learning within community health centres and nurses’ self‐directed learning as well as the quality of care. However, there was no significant association between organizational learning and nurses’ organizational commitment or work stress. Conclusion . This study demonstrates a high‐level organizational learning capacity in urban community health centres in China. It provides a new perspective on the potential relationship between CHCs’ organizational learning and primary care nurses’ well‐being and work performance. Further research is needed to clarify unexpected findings and identify factors promoting organizational learning in primary care settings. Implications for Nursing Management . In China’s evolving primary care system, nurses play a vital role amidst physician shortages. Policy should prioritize internal management reform alongside structural changes. This study highlights the importance of fostering organizational learning in primary care settings. Strategic interventions should promote a learning culture in CHCs, which may enhance nurses’ self‐directed learning and improve the quality of care.
The mechanically tunable flexible fluorochromic elastic organic single crystals are extremely rare. Fortunately, we prepared a needle-like elastic crystal (TPABA) with bending and high ...pressure-induced fluorochromism properties. With the reversible change of hydrostatic pressure, the crystal fluorescence underwent reversible red-shift and blue-shift (wavelength change greater than 100 nm). Interestingly, upon bending, the inner and outer arcs on the (002) and (200) surfaces of the crystal exhibited distinct fluorochromic effects by spatially resolved μ-PL measurements. Upon bending, the fluorescence emission of the inner and outer arcs on the (002) face of the crystal was red-shifted and blue-shifted by 26 nm and 4 nm, respectively. Different from (002) face, the inner arc and outer arc of the crystal (200) plane were only blue-shifted and red-shifted by 2 nm and 3 nm, respectively. Theoretical calculations indicated that, on the one hand, with the reversible bending of the crystal, the intermolecular interaction force distance in the crystal would change reversibly, and the corresponding inner and outer arc fluorescence emission wavelengths of the crystal plane would reversibly change. On the other hand, the number of π-π interactions on each face of the crystal had an important effect on the bending-induced fluorochromism of the crystal. This paper provided new idea for the preparation of the multi-faceted bending fluorochromism flexible crystals.
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•Multi-faceted bending elastic organic single crystals.•The elastic crystals exhibit bending and high pressure-induced fluorochromism properties.•The inner and outer arcs on the (002) and (200) surfaces of the crystal exhibited distinct fluorochromic effects.
The continuous development of hydropower necessitates the extensive design and construction of hydropower stations. As an underground large space building, it is difficult for the air in the ...hydropower station to directly exchange with the external environment. Scientifically reasonable air supply modes are indispensable for ensuring a uniform air distribution with low energy consumption. In this study, numerical simulations were carried out to analyse the air distributions and thermal environments under three air supply modes: roof air supply (RAS), sidewall air supply (SAS), and attached air supply (AAS). A set of evaluation indices, namely, the air velocity, air temperature, nonuniformity coefficient, and energy efficiency coefficient, were adopted to assess the ventilation performance of these three modes. Moreover, an orthogonal experiment was conducted to optimize the ventilation performance with four factors (air outlet height, air outlet width, air supply velocity, and heat source intensity) in the AAS mode. The average temperatures among the RAS, SAS, and AAS were 26.1 °C, 26.4 °C, and 26.0 °C, respectively. The results indicated that the attached air supply (AAS) mode is recommended for generator hall applications due to its lower nonuniformity coefficient and higher energy efficiency coefficient. Based on the range analysis and variance analysis, the air outlet height exhibited significant effects on the air distribution and ventilation performance. This research provides design references for the innovative design of air supply systems in large space buildings.
•An innovative attached air supply mode was conducted in hydropower stations.•The dimensionless velocity and the temperature distribution of attached air supply mode were acquired.•Air-outlet height had a significant effect on the attached ventilation performance.
•We developed a process-based model to predict the CO2/CH4 fluxes of Finnish pristine mires.•The CO2 sink decreases but the CH4 source increases during the 21st century.•The C-flux changes are most ...pronouncing in the western areas of the raised bog region.•The climatic sensitivity of C fluxes in pristine fens is greater than the bogs.•Pristine bogs near coastal areas could transform from centurial CO2 sinks to sources.
This study predicted the spatiotemporal changes in the CO2 and CH4 fluxes in the pristine peatlands throughout Finland during the 21st century based on 10km×10km grids. The predictions are based on a regional carbon (C) model that emphasizes the mire-type differences in ecohydrology and biogeochemistry. The model was validated by field measurements performed at multiple sites in Finland. A sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the CO2 flux was more sensitive to changes in temperature than to changes in precipitation, and this temperature sensitivity is greater in fens than in bogs. Conversely, the CH4 emission from pristine fens is more sensitive to the changes in precipitation and temperature than pristine bogs. The spatiotemporal changes in the CO2 and CH4 fluxes were calculated based on the country-scale patterns of mire properties (i.e., fen-bog types, vegetation, topography and peat texture) and the ACCLIM climate change scenarios. The results indicate a decreasing CO2 sinks in the country-scale peatlands, and such a decrease will be most noticeable from 2060 to 2099. In addition, the annual CO2 sink value and the annual CH4 source value of the peatlands will decrease significantly in the western areas of the raised bog region, and such changes will be greater in the pristine fens than in pristine bogs. A large fraction of the fens in the raised-bog region and the southwestern part of the aapa-mire region has the potential to shift from CO2 sinks into weak CO2 sources (<20gCm−2a−1) by the end of the 21st century. The transition of bogs from centurial CO2 sinks to sources is most notable near coastal areas. These bogs would function as CO2 sources at an average rate of over 40gCm−2a−1 for the 21st century under the changing climate scenario.
The lack of high‐resolution distribution maps for freshwater species across large extents fundamentally challenges biodiversity conservation worldwide. We devised a simple framework to delineate the ...distributions of freshwater fishes in a high‐resolution drainage map based on stacked species distribution models and expert information. We applied this framework to the entire Chinese freshwater fish fauna (>1600 species) to examine high‐resolution biodiversity patterns and reveal potential conflicts between freshwater biodiversity and anthropogenic disturbances. The correlations between spatial patterns of biodiversity facets (species richness, endemicity, and phylogenetic diversity) were all significant (r = 0.43–0.98, p < 0.001). Areas with high values of different biodiversity facets overlapped with anthropogenic disturbances. Existing protected areas (PAs), covering 22% of China's territory, protected 25–29% of fish habitats, 16–23% of species, and 30–31% of priority conservation areas. Moreover, 6–21% of the species were completely unprotected. These results suggest the need for extending the network of PAs to ensure the conservation of China's freshwater fishes and the goods and services they provide. Specifically, middle to low reaches of large rivers and their associated lakes from northeast to southwest China hosted the most diverse species assemblages and thus should be the target of future expansions of the network of PAs. More generally, our framework, which can be used to draw high‐resolution freshwater biodiversity maps combining species occurrence data and expert knowledge on species distribution, provides an efficient way to design PAs regardless of the ecosystem, taxonomic group, or region considered.
Potenciación de la conservación de peces de agua dulce con mapeos de distribución de alta resolución a lo largo de un territorio extenso
Resumen
La falta de mapas de distribución en alta resolución para las especies de agua dulce en grandes extensiones es un reto importante para la conservación mundial de la biodiversidad. Diseñamos un marco simple para delinear la distribución de los peces de agua dulce en un mapa de drenaje en alta resolución basado en los modelos apilados de la distribución de las especies y la información de expertos. Aplicamos este marco a toda la ictiofauna de agua dulce en China (>1600 especies) para analizar los patrones en alta resolución de la biodiversidad y revelar los conflictos potenciales entre la biodiversidad de agua dulce y las perturbaciones antropogénicas. Todas las correlaciones entre los patrones espaciales de las facetas de la biodiversidad (riqueza de especies, endemismo y diversidad filogenética) fueron importantes (r = 0.43‐0.98, p < 0.001). Las áreas con valores altos de diferentes facetas de la biodiversidad se traslaparon con las perturbaciones antropogénicas. Las áreas protegidas existentes que actualmente cubren el 22% del territorio de China, protegen 25‐2% del hábitat de los peces, 16–23% de las especies y 30–31% de las áreas de conservación prioritarias. Además, 6–21% de las especies se encontraban totalmente desprotegidas. Estos resultados sugieren que se necesita extender la red de áreas protegidas para asegurar la conservación de los peces de agua dulce de China y los bienes y servicios que proporcionan. En concreto, los niveles medio a bajo de los grandes ríos y sus lagos asociados del noreste al suroeste de China albergaron los ensambles de especies más diversos y por lo tanto deberían ser el objetivo de las futuras expansiones de la red de áreas protegidas. De forma más generalizada, nuestro marco, el cual puede usarse para trazar mapas en alta resolución de la biodiversidad de agua dulce al combinar los datos de presencia de las especies y el conocimiento de los expertos sobre su distribución, proporciona un método eficiente para diseñar las áreas protegidas sin importar el ecosistema, región o grupo taxonómico considerado.
【摘要】
摘要 大尺度淡水物种高分辨率分布图的匮乏从根本上挑战了全球的生物多样性保护。我们设计了一个简单的框架, 基于堆叠物种分布模型和基于专家的信息将淡水鱼类的分布描绘到高分辨率的水系图上。我们将这一框架应用于整个中国淡水鱼类(>1600种), 以探究高分辨率的生物多样性模式, 并揭示淡水生物多样性与人为干扰之间的潜在冲突。生物多样性不同方面(物种丰富度、特有性和系统发育多样性)的空间模式之间的相关性都很显著(r = 0.43‐0.98, p < 0.001)。不同生物多样性方面的高值区域与人类活动干扰相重叠。现有的保护区占中国领土的22%, 保护了25–29%的鱼类栖息地、16–23%的物种和30–31%的优先保护区域。此外, 6–21%的物种完全没有受到保护。这些结果表明, 需要扩大保护区网络, 以确保中国淡水鱼类及其提供的商品和服务的保护。具体地, 从中国东北到西南的大江大河的中下游及其附属湖泊承载了最多样化的物种组合, 因此应成为未来扩大保护区网络的目标区域。总之, 我们的框架结合物种发生数据和关于物种分布的专家知识绘制高分辨率的淡水生物多样性地图, 为保护区设计提供了一种有效的途径, 并适用于不同的生态系统、分类群或区域。
With the increasing aging of the Chinese population, the issue of safeguarding the welfare of older adults has emerged in social governance. Currently, the primary strategy to address this issue is ...the guardianship system, which is plagued with various challenges in judicial practice. Through two consecutive and contingent studies, for the first time, this research investigated the status quo of China's guardianship disputes involving older adult wards, analysed the missing role of social workers during the civil litigation process of these disputes, and identified the subtypes of disputes to which judicial social work could contribute. In the first study, 12 members of a district court of Shanghai who have dealt with such disputes were interviewed to explore the potential roles of social workers. Findings highlight the prospects of social workers serving as assessors and conveners during court hearings, supervisors and moderators after the court hearing, and facilitators and carers throughout the litigation process. In the second study, 16 cases of guardianship disputes involving incapacitated older adult wards were extracted from this court through systematic sampling and processed with crisp‐set qualitative comparative analysis. Findings reveal the types of cases in which social workers should intervene. This article advocates for involving professionally trained social workers in China's civil court setting to safeguard incapacitated older adults' welfare further.
In an effort to develop a new therapy for cancer and to improve antiprogrammed death inhibitor-1 (anti-PD-1) and anticytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein (anti-CTLA-4) responses, we have created ...a telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter-regulated oncolytic adenovirus rAd.sT containing a soluble transforming growth factor receptor II fused with human IgG Fc fragment (sTGFβRIIFc) gene. Infection of breast and renal tumor cells with rAd.sT produced sTGFβRIIFc protein with dose-dependent cytotoxicity. In immunocompetent mouse 4T1 breast tumor model, intratumoral delivery of rAd.sT inhibited both tumor growth and lung metastases. rAd.sT downregulated the expression of several transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) target genes involved in tumor growth and metastases, inhibited Th2 cytokine expression, and induced Th1 cytokines and chemokines, and granzyme B and perforin expression. rAd.sT treatment also increased the percentage of CD8
T lymphocytes, promoted the generation of CD4
T memory cells, reduced regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs), and reduced bone marrow-derived suppressor cells. Importantly, rAd.sT treatment increased the percentage of CD4
T lymphocytes, and promoted differentiation and maturation of antigen-presenting dendritic cells in the spleen. In the immunocompetent mouse Renca renal tumor model, similar therapeutic effects and immune activation results were observed. In the 4T1 mammary tumor model, rAd.sT improved the inhibition of tumor growth and lung and liver metastases by anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 antibodies. Analysis of the human breast and kidney tumors showed that a significant number of tumor tissues expressed high levels of TGFβ and TGFβ-inducible genes. Therefore, rAd.sT could be a potential enhancer of anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 therapy for treating breast and kidney cancers.
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