A substantial proportion of liver cancers is attributable to chronic infection with hepatitis B and C (HBV/HCV). Liver cancer could become the second cancer, after cervical, to be effectively ...controlled globally, if proven interventions such as vaccination can be implemented on a large scale. In 2018, the global mortality rate for liver cancer was estimated to be 8.5 per 100 000 individuals. Given patterns of HBV infection and immigration across countries, liver cancer control requires combined, global action. Liver cancer trends vary between countries, in some Western countries, the incidence rates were relatively low but have increased in recent decades; conversely, in several Asian countries, the incidence rates have decreased over time. China has in the past contributed more than half of the global burden of liver cancer but more recently a national decline in liver cancer incidence has been observed. Here, we review the liver cancer burden and exposure to risk factors in China, compared to other countries. We also review the implementation status for primary and secondary prevention interventions and major outcomes achieved over the past three decades. Using Bayesian age‐period‐cohort analysis, we examine recent trends and based on these, predict that by 2050, the incidence of liver cancer in China could fall by half. We additionally survey the literature to identify current research needs, and review relevant national policies on liver cancer control in China. A comprehensive set of interventions is proposed to progress toward the long‐term goal of liver cancer elimination based on the natural history and evidence‐based interventions.
Adhesive hydrogels have gained popularity in biomedical applications, however, traditional adhesive hydrogels often exhibit short-term adhesiveness, poor mechanical properties and lack of ...antibacterial ability. Here, a plant-inspired adhesive hydrogel has been developed based on Ag-Lignin nanoparticles (NPs)triggered dynamic redox catechol chemistry. Ag-Lignin NPs construct the dynamic catechol redox system, which creates long-lasting reductive-oxidative environment inner hydrogel networks. This redox system, generating catechol groups continuously, endows the hydrogel with long-term and repeatable adhesiveness. Furthermore, Ag-Lignin NPs generate free radicals and trigger self-gelation of the hydrogel under ambient environment. This hydrogel presents high toughness for the existence of covalent and non-covalent interaction in the hydrogel networks. The hydrogel also possesses good cell affinity and high antibacterial activity due to the catechol groups and bactericidal ability of Ag-Lignin NPs. This study proposes a strategy to design tough and adhesive hydrogels based on dynamic plant catechol chemistry.
The link between depression and anxiety status and cancer outcomes has been well-documented but remains unclear. We comprehensively quantified the association between depression and anxiety defined ...by symptom scales or clinical diagnosis and the risk of cancer incidence, cancer-specific mortality, and all-cause mortality in cancer patients. Pooled estimates of the relative risks (RRs) for cancer incidence and mortality were performed in a meta-analysis by random effects or fixed effects models as appropriate. Associations were tested in subgroups stratified by different study and participant characteristics. Fifty-one eligible cohort studies involving 2,611,907 participants with a mean follow-up period of 10.3 years were identified. Overall, depression and anxiety were associated with a significantly increased risk of cancer incidence (adjusted RR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.06-1.19), cancer-specific mortality (1.21, 1.16-1.26), and all-cause mortality in cancer patients (1.24, 1.13-1.35). The estimated absolute risk increases (ARIs) associated with depression and anxiety were 34.3 events/100,000 person years (15.8-50.2) for cancer incidence and 28.2 events/100,000 person years (21.5-34.9) for cancer-specific mortality. Subgroup analyses demonstrated that clinically diagnosed depression and anxiety were related to higher cancer incidence, poorer cancer survival, and higher cancer-specific mortality. Psychological distress (symptoms of depression and anxiety) was related to higher cancer-specific mortality and poorer cancer survival but not to increased cancer incidence. Site-specific analyses indicated that overall, depression and anxiety were associated with an increased incidence risks for cancers of the lung, oral cavity, prostate and skin, a higher cancer-specific mortality risk for cancers of the lung, bladder, breast, colorectum, hematopoietic system, kidney and prostate, and an increased all-cause mortality risk in lung cancer patients. These analyses suggest that depression and anxiety may have an etiologic role and prognostic impact on cancer, although there is potential reverse causality; Furthermore, there was substantial heterogeneity among the included studies, and the results should be interpreted with caution. Early detection and effective intervention of depression and anxiety in cancer patients and the general population have public health and clinical importance.
Anisotropic hydrogels mimicking the biological tissues with directional functions play essential roles in damage‐tolerance, cell guidance and mass transport. However, conventional synthetic hydrogels ...often have an isotropic network structure, insufficient mechanical properties and lack of osteoconductivity, which greatly limit their applications for bone repair. Herein, inspired by natural bone and wood, a biomimetic strategy is presented to fabricate highly anisotropic, ultrastrong and stiff, and osteoconductive hydrogel composites via impregnation of biocompatible hydrogels into the delignified wood followed by in situ mineralization of hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanocrystals. The well‐aligned cellulose nanofibrils endow the composites with highly anisotropic structural and mechanical properties. The strong intermolecular bonds of the aligned cellulose fibrils and hydrogel/wood interaction, and the reinforcing nanofillers of HAp enable the composites remarkable tensile strength of 67.8 MPa and elastic modulus of 670 MPa, three orders of magnitude higher than those of conventional alginate hydrogels. More importantly, the biocompatible hydrogel together with aligned HAp nanocrystals could effectively promote osteogenic differentiation in vitro and induce bone formation in vivo. The bone ingrowth into the hydrogel composite scaffold also yields good osteointegration. This study provides a low‐cost, eco‐friendly, feasible, and scalable approach for fabricating anisotropic, strong, stiff, hydrophilic, and osteoconductive hydrogel composites for bone repair.
Inspired by the hierarchical anisotropic structure of natural bone and wood, a low‐cost, eco‐friendly, feasible, scalable, and biomimetic “wood to bone” strategy is developed to fabricate highly anisotropic, ultrastrong and stiff, and osteoconductive mineralized wood hydrogel composites via impregnation of the alginate hydrogels into the microchannels of delignified wood followed by in situ mineralization of hydroxyapatite nanocrystals.
Directional solution coating by the Chinese brush provides a facile approach to fabricate highly oriented polymer thin films by finely controlling the wetting and dewetting processes under ...directional stress. The biggest advantage of the Chinese brush over the normal western brush is the freshly emergent hairs used, whose unique tapered structure renders a dynamic balance of the liquid within the brush by multiple forces when interacting with the liquid. Consequently, the liquid is steadily held within the brush without any unexpected leakage, making the liquid transfer proceed in a well‐controllable manner. It is demonstrated that the Chinese brush coating enables the crystallization of the polymer and the self‐assembly of conjugated backbones to proceed in a quasi‐steady state via a certain direction, which is attributed to the controllable receding of the three‐phase contact line during the dewetting process by the multiple parallel freshly emergent hairs. The as‐prepared polymer thin films exhibit over six times higher charge‐carrier mobility compared to the spin‐coated films, which therefore provides a general approach for high‐performance organic thin‐film transistors.
Directional solution coating by the Chinese brush provides a facile approach to fabricate highly oriented polymer thin films by finely controlling the wetting and dewetting processes under the direction stress, and the as‐prepared polymer thin films exhibit over six times higher charge‐carrier mobility compared to the equivalent spin‐coated films. Therefore, a general approach is provided for high‐performance organic thin‐film transistors.
Heat shock protein 90α (HSP90α) maintains cell stabilization and regulates cell death, respectively. Recent studies have shown that HSP90α is involved in receptor interacting protein 3 ...(RIP3)‐mediated necroptosis in HT29 cells. It is known that oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) can induce necroptosis, which is regulated by RIP3 in neurons. However, it is still unclear whether HSP90α participates in the process of OGD‐induced necroptosis in cultured neurons via the regulation of RIP3. Our study found that necroptosis occurs in primary cultured cortical neurons and PC‐12 cells following exposure to OGD insult. Additionally, the expression of RIP3/p‐RIP3, MLKL/p‐MLKL, and the RIP1/RIP3 complex (necrosome) significantly increased following OGD, as measured through immunofluorescence (IF) staining, Western blotting (WB), and immunoprecipitation (IP) assay. Additionally, data from computer simulations and IP assays showed that HSP90α interacts with RIP3. In addition, HSP90α was overexpressed following OGD in cultured neurons, as measured through WB and IF staining. Inhibition of HSP90α in cultured neurons, using the specific inhibitor, geldanamycin (GA), and siRNA/shRNA of HSP90α, protected cultured neurons from necrosis. Our study showed that the inhibitor of HSP90α, GA, rescued cultured neurons not only by decreasing the expression of total RIP3/MLKL, but also by decreasing the expression of p‐RIP3/p‐MLKL and the RIP1/RIP3 necrosome. In this study, we reveal that inhibition of HSP90α protects primary cultured cortical neurons and PC‐12 cells from OGD‐induced necroptosis through the modulation of RIP3 expression.
There is interaction between RIP3 and HSP90α in neurons. When neurons encounter with OGD injury, the expressions of RIP3, MLKL, p‐RIP3, p‐MLKL, and HSP90α increase rapidly and lead to necroptosis at last. While inhibiting HSP90α by GA or shRNA/siRNA of HSP90α protects neurons from necroptosis partially by decreasing the overexpression of RIP3, p‐RIP3, MLKL, and p‐MLKL.
Clarifying interfacial electronic effects on molecular adsorption is significant in many chemical and biochemical processes. Here, we used STM breaking junction and shell‐isolated ...nanoparticle‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy to probe electron transport and adsorption geometries of 4,4′‐bipyridine (4,4′‐BPY) at Au(111). Modifying the surface with 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium cation‐containing ionic liquids (ILs) decreases surface electron density and stabilizes a vertical orientation of pyridine through nitrogen atom σ‐bond interactions, resulting in uniform adsorption configurations for forming molecular junctions. Modulation from vertical, tilted, to flat, is achieved on adding water to ILs, leading to a new peak ascribed to CC stretching of adsorbed pyridyl ring and 316 % modulation of single‐molecule conductance. The dihedral angle between adsorbed pyridyl ring and surface decreases with increasing surface electronic density, enhancing electron donation from surface to pyridyl ring.
STM breaking junction and shell‐isolated nanoparticle‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy techniques have been successfully applied to probe a solvent modification induced interfacial electronic effect on tuning contact geometries and electron transport of pyridyl molecules at atomically flat Au (111). Modulation of binding geometry from vertical to tilted and flat is observed and a 316 % modulation of single‐molecule conductance is achieved.
The CXC chemokine ligand‐13 (CXCL13) is a chemoattractant of B cells and has been implicated in the progression of many cancers. So far, CXCL13 and its related receptor CXCR5 have been proved to ...regulate cancer cell migration as well as tumour metastasis. However, the role of CXCL13‐CXCR5 axis in metastasis of lung cancer is still poorly understood. In this study, we found that CXCL13 and CXCR5 were commonly up‐regulated in lung cancer specimens compared with normal tissues among different cohorts. Our evidence showed that CXCL13 obviously promoted migration of lung cancer cells, and this effect was mediated by vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (VCAM‐1) expression. We also confirmed that CXCR5, the major receptor responsible for CXCL13 function, was required for CXCL13‐promoted cell migration. We also test the candidate components which are activated after CXCL13 treatment and found that phospholipase C‐β (PLCβ), protein kinase C‐α (PKCα) and c‐Src signalling pathways were involved in CXCL13‐promoted cell migration and VCAM‐1 expression in lung cancer cells. Finally, CXCL13 stimulated NF‐κB transcription factor in lung cancer cells, contributing to VCAM‐1 expression in translational level. These evidences propose a novel insight into lung cancer metastasis which is regulated by CXCL13.
Aims
To evaluate the effect of earplugs and eye masks on the sleep quality of patients in intensive care unit (ICU).
Design
Systematic review and meta‐analysis.
Data Sources
Randomized controlled ...trial studies conducted before May 5, 2020 were searched for in Embase, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, CINAHL and Index to Taiwan Periodical Literature System databases.
Review Methods
Analyses in this study were according to the PRISMA statement. The heterogeneity of the data was investigated through sub‐group analysis while a meta‐analysis was performed using the Review Manager 5.3 software.
Results
A total of 797 patients from 13 studies were included in this study. Without considering alone or combined use of earplugs and eye masks, the meta‐analysis supported that there was a significant effect on self‐reported sleep quality. The overall standardized mean difference of the effect size was 1.44 (95% confidence interval CI: 0.80, 2.09). Sub‐group analysis indicated that the use of earplugs alone had no significant effect on sleep quality (effect size: 0.07, 95% CI: −0.50, 0.64). The use of eye masks alone had a significant effect on sleep quality (effect size: 1.56, 95% CI: 1.08, 2.05). The use of both earplugs and eye masks proved to have the largest effect size on sleep quality (effect size: 2.08, 95% CI: 0.95, 3.21).
Conclusion
The combined use of earplugs and eye masks or the standalone use of eye masks is a non‐invasive, economical and effective way to promote sleep quality in adult ICU patients.
Impact
Clinical nurses could use this meta‐analysis as it recommends that nurses provide adult ICU patients with either one or both earplugs and eye masks to improve the patients’ sleep quality.
Study Registration
The review protocol was registered a priori and published online in the PROSPERO database of systematic reviews (www.crd.York.ac.uk/Prospero with the registration number # CRD42021221185).
Conductive polymers are promising for bone regeneration because they can regulate cell behavior through electrical stimulation; moreover, they are antioxidative agents that can be used to protect ...cells and tissues from damage originating from reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, conductive polymers lack affinity to cells and osteoinductivity, which limits their application in tissue engineering. Herein, an electroactive, cell affinitive, persistent ROS‐scavenging, and osteoinductive porous Ti scaffold is prepared by the on‐surface in situ assembly of a polypyrrole‐polydopamine‐hydroxyapatite (PPy‐PDA‐HA) film through a layer‐by‐layer pulse electrodeposition (LBL‐PED) method. During LBL‐PED, the PPy‐PDA nanoparticles (NPs) and HA NPs are in situ synthesized and uniformly coated on a porous scaffold from inside to outside. PDA is entangled with and doped into PPy to enhance the ROS scavenging rate of the scaffold and realize repeatable, efficient ROS scavenging over a long period of time. HA and electrical stimulation synergistically promote osteogenic cell differentiation on PPy‐PDA‐HA films. Ultimately, the PPy‐PDA‐HA porous scaffold provides excellent bone regeneration through the synergistic effects of electroactivity, cell affinity, and antioxidative activity of the PPy‐PDA NPs and the osteoinductivity of HA NPs. This study provides a new strategy for functionalizing porous scaffolds that show great promise as implants for tissue regeneration.
An electroactive, antioxidative, cell affinitive, and osteoinductive polypyrrole‐polydopamine‐hydroxyapatite (PPy‐PDA‐HA) film is prepared on porous scaffolds through a layer‐by‐layer pulse electrodeposition (LBL‐PED) method. During LBL‐PED, the PPy‐PDA nanoparticles (NPs) and HA NPs are in situ‐synthesized and uniformly assembled on the scaffolds from inside to outside.
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