Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies, are nanosized membrane vesicles derived from most cell types. Carrying diverse biomolecules from their parent ...cells, EVs are important mediators of intercellular communication and thus play significant roles in physiological and pathological processes. Owing to their natural biogenesis process, EVs are generated with high biocompatibility, enhanced stability, and limited immunogenicity, which provide multiple advantages as drug delivery systems (DDSs) over traditional synthetic delivery vehicles. EVs have been reported to be used for the delivery of siRNAs, miRNAs, protein, small molecule drugs, nanoparticles, and CRISPR/Cas9 in the treatment of various diseases. As a natural drug delivery vectors, EVs can penetrate into the tissues and be bioengineered to enhance the targetability. Although EVs' characteristics make them ideal for drug delivery, EV-based drug delivery remains challenging, due to lack of standardized isolation and purification methods, limited drug loading efficiency, and insufficient clinical grade production. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge on the application of EVs as DDS from the perspective of different cell origin and weighted the advantages and bottlenecks of EV-based DDS.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly used to target bacteria as an alternative to antibiotics. Nanotechnology may be particularly advantageous in treating bacterial infections. Examples include the ...utilization of NPs in antibacterial coatings for implantable devices and medicinal materials to prevent infection and promote wound healing, in antibiotic delivery systems to treat disease, in bacterial detection systems to generate microbial diagnostics, and in antibacterial vaccines to control bacterial infections. The antibacterial mechanisms of NPs are poorly understood, but the currently accepted mechanisms include oxidative stress induction, metal ion release, and non-oxidative mechanisms. The multiple simultaneous mechanisms of action against microbes would require multiple simultaneous gene mutations in the same bacterial cell for antibacterial resistance to develop; therefore, it is difficult for bacterial cells to become resistant to NPs. In this review, we discuss the antibacterial mechanisms of NPs against bacteria and the factors that are involved. The limitations of current research are also discussed.
4D printed shape memory polymers and their composites are currently a highly topical research area. The potential applications for 4D printed smart materials are wide-reaching, with particular ...promise for personalized medicine. In this work, we 4D printed various structures made of biocompatible and biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) and PLA/Fe3O4 composite filaments. The shape memory behaviors of the 4D printed structures triggered by magnetic field were investigated. The printed structures can return to their original shapes with a high speed in just a few seconds. Moreover, the structures like bone tissues printed by PLA/Fe3O4 composites filaments with 15% Fe3O4 were actuated by magnetic field at 27.5 kHz. During the shape recovery process, surface temperature of the printed structures is uniform and around 40 °C. This physiologically relevant operating temperature range is a highly attractive feature for potential healthcare and biomedical applications.
In this work, N, S co-doped porous carbons were synthesized by a facile two-step synthesis strategy i.e. pyrolysis of the mixture of L-glutamic acid and thiourea followed by KOH activation. By ...adjusting the activation temperature and KOH amount, a series of sorbents with diverse porous and surface chemical properties were attained. These adsorbents exhibited maximum CO2 uptake of 3.54 and 5.54 mmol g−1 at 1 bar, 25 °C and 0 °C, respectively. Further investigation proves that the joint effects of narrow microporosity, N and S content determine these adsorbents’ CO2 adsorption capacity. Moreover, these carbons also possess multiple good CO2 adsorption properties such as stable recyclability, suitable heat of adsorption, fast adsorption kinetics, high CO2/N2 selectivity, and good dynamic adsorption capacity. These results indicate that N, S codoped porous carbons prepared from L-glutamic acid are promising adsorbents in CO2 capture.
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•N, S co-doped porous carbons were synthesized from L-glutamic acid.•Direct pyrolysis of L-glutamic acid and thiourea achieves N, S enriched char.•The obtained carbons exhibit CO2 uptake up to 3.54 mmol g− 1 at 25ºC and 1 bar.•Joint effects of narrow microporosity, N and S content rule the CO2 uptake.
Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) has demonstrated new possibilities for selective and logical cancer intervention by specific manipulation of dysregulated tumorous free radical homeostasis. Current CDT ...methods largely rely on conversion of endogenous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into highly toxic hydroxyl radicals via classical Fenton or Haber–Weiss chemistry. However, their anticancer efficacies are greatly limited by the requirement of strong acidity for efficient chemical reactions, insufficient tumorous H2O2, and upregulated antioxidant defense to counteract free radical-caused oxidative damage. Here, we present a new concept whereby bioorthogonal chemistry and prodrug are combined to create a new type of aptamer drug conjugate (ApDC): aptamer-prodrug conjugate (ApPdC) micelle for improved and cancer-targeted CDT. The hydrophobic prodrug bases can not only promote self-assembly of aptamers but also act as free radical generators via bioorthogonal chemistry. In depth mechanistic studies reveal that, unlike traditional CDT systems, ApPdC micelles enable in situ activation and self-cycling generation of toxic C-centered free radicals in cancer cells through cascading bioorthogonal reactions, with no dependence on either H2O2 or pH, yet concurrently with diminished cancerous antioxidation by GSH depletion for a synergistic CDT effect. We expect this work to provide new insights into the design of targeted cancer therapies and studies of free radical-related molecular mechanisms.
In recent years, atomically dispersed metal catalysts (ADMCs) with well-defined structures have attracted great interest from researchers for electrocatalytic applications due to their maximum atom ...utilization efficiency (100%), distinct active sites and high catalytic activity, stability and selectivity. Based on this, this review will comprehensively discuss the recent developments in advanced single-atom and dual-atom ADMCs for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), including synthesis and characterization, reaction mechanisms and energy applications such as in fuel cells and metal-air batteries. In addition, challenges will be summarized and analyzed, including the rational design and fabrication of ADMCs and a deeper understanding of their geometric configuration, electronic structure and reaction dynamics towards the ORR. Furthermore, to facilitate further development, future research directions are proposed to overcome associated challenges, such as (1) the exploration of new/advanced materials including metal precursors and supporting substrates for the fabrication of ADMCs; (2) the optimization of rational design and synthesis techniques for single- and dual-atom catalysts to significantly enhance catalytic ORR activity and stability based on modern characterization techniques; (3) a deeper understanding of ADMC structures, reactive active sites, interactions between metal atoms and support surfaces and corresponding electrocatalytic ORR mechanisms at the atomic level using a combination of density functional theory (DFT) calculations and advanced experimental techniques; (4) the optimization of ADMC-based catalyst layers and membrane electrode assemblies to achieve high performance fuel cells and metal-air batteries using advanced electrochemical testing strategies.
Atomically dispersed metal catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction, including their synthesis, characterization, reaction mechanisms and electrochemical energy application, are reviewed.
Let
be a sequence with elements
from an additive finite abelian group
.
is called a tiny zero-sum sequence if
is non-empty,
and
. Let
be the smallest integer
such that every sequence of
elements ...(repetition allowed) from
contains a tiny zero-sum sequence. In this article, we mainly focus on the explicit value of
and compute this value for a new class of groups, namely ones of the form
, where
is a prime number such that
Opa-interacting protein 5 antisense transcript 1 (OIP5-AS1) is one kind of cytoplasmic long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), which has been demonstrated to play a critical function in multiple cancers. ...However, the detailed mechanism of OIP5-AS1 in the regulation of cervical cancer progression is still obscure. Here, we demonstrated that lncRNA OIP5-AS1 was upregulated in cervical cancer and was correlated with poor prognosis by bioinformatics studies. OIP5-AS1 depletion inhibited cell proliferation and promoted cell apoptosis in cervical cancer cells. Furthermore, we clarified that ROCK1 was the downstream effector of OIP5-AS1 and OIP5-AS1 acted as a molecular sponge of miR-143-3p. Finally, we verified that OIP5-AS1 exerted its function in the regulation of cervical cancer progression via interacting with miR-143-3p to regulate ROCK1 expression. Our study revealed novel mechanisms about how lncRNA OIP5-AS1 executed its function in cervical cancer and thus provided potential therapeutic targets for the disease.
Preclinical studies have also shown that anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibodies could prevent pulmonary alveolar leakage caused by increased vascular permeability, thereby alleviating ...immunotherapy-induced pneumonitis 3. ...we hypothesize that anti-angiogenic drugs may reduce the incidence of pneumonitis caused by the combination of radiotherapy and immunotherapy. SEE PDF Logistic regression analysis showed that prior treatment with anlotinib was a protective factor for pneumonitis compared to those who did not receive anlotinib. Availability of data and materials The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, Linlin Wang, upon reasonable request.
Abstract
The surface frustrated Lewis pairs (SFLPs) on defect-laden metal oxides provide catalytic sites to activate H
2
and CO
2
molecules and enable efficient gas-phase CO
2
photocatalysis. Lattice ...engineering of metal oxides provides a useful strategy to tailor the reactivity of SFLPs. Herein, a one-step solvothermal synthesis is developed that enables isomorphic replacement of Lewis acidic site In
3+
ions in In
2
O
3
by single-site Bi
3+
ions, thereby enhancing the propensity to activate CO
2
molecules. The so-formed Bi
x
In
2-x
O
3
materials prove to be three orders of magnitude more photoactive for the reverse water gas shift reaction than In
2
O
3
itself, while also exhibiting notable photoactivity towards methanol production. The increased solar absorption efficiency and efficient charge-separation and transfer of Bi
x
In
2-x
O
3
also contribute to the improved photocatalytic performance. These traits exemplify the opportunities that exist for atom-scale engineering in heterogeneous CO
2
photocatalysis, another step towards the vision of the solar CO
2
refinery.
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