The gate-all-around (GAA) nanosheet (NS) field-effect-transistor (FET) is poised to replace FinFET in the 3 nm CMOS technology node and beyond, marking the second seminal shift in device architecture ...across the extensive 60-plus-year history of MOSFET. The introduction of a new device structure, coupled with aggressive pitch scaling, can give rise to reliability challenges. In this article, we present a review of the key reliability mechanisms in GAA NS FET, including bias temperature instability (BTI), hot carrier injection (HCI), gate oxide (Gox) time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB), and middle-of-line (MOL) TDDB. We aim to not only underscore the unique reliability attributes inherent to NS architecture but also provide a holistic view of the status and prospects of NS reliability, taking into account the challenges posed by future scaling.
Dietary fiber is the undigested carbohydrate that escapes small intestinal digestion and absorption, and then reaches the large intestine for partial or complete fermentation by the colonic ...microbiota. Fermentation of dietary fiber into short-chain fatty acids (i.e., acetic, propionic, and butyric particularly) in the colon has been reported to bring about positive changes in microbiota composition and reduce the risk of colon-related diseases as well as some metabolic syndromes, such as obesity, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and systemic inflammation.
There is a growing interest in the fate of different dietary fibers in the gastrointestinal tract regarding their rate and extent (location) of fermentation and microbiota changes, particularly from data obtained with static and dynamic in vitro models. These models provide information on the fermentation performance and microbiota modulation by dietary fibers with diverse structures and enable the formulation of functional foods with health benefits.
This review summarizes the fermentation performance of various dietary fibers using in vitro models. Both the physical and chemical structures of dietary fibers are critical factors that determine fermentation rate, short-chain fatty acid profiles and growth of different bacterial groups. Considering the potential relationship between fermentation performance and health, three principles for designing fermentable dietary fiber are proposed: slow fermentation in the colon; high butyrate and/or propionate production; and selective bacterial growth, promoting the beneficial bacteria that improve the intestinal barrier function.
•Advantages and disadvantages of static and dynamic in vitro fecal fermentation models.•Summary of fermentation performance and microbiota modulation of various dietary fibers using in vitro models.•Three principles for designing fermentable dietary fiber are proposed.
•SOC, TN, and TP were remarkably higher in dolomite and limestone than in clasolite.•In natural succession, dynamics of SOC, TN, and TP differed between dolomite and limestone.•For clasolite, only ...SOC and TN in grassland differed significantly with arable land.•Human interference intensity affected the response of soil nutrients to land use change.
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Soil carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) are the main soil nutrients required for plant development and their stoichiometric ratios are important indicators of ecosystem functions. However, there have been few studies on the effects of land use and lithology on soil nutrients and stoichiometric ratios, especially in karst areas with extremely fragile geology and intensive human disturbance. To evaluate the synergistic effect of land use and lithology, soil samples at depth of 0–15cm were collected from five land-use types (arable land, plantation forest, grassland, shrubland, and secondary forest) over three lithologies (karst dolomite and limestone and non-karst clasolite) in a typical karst area in southwest China. For natural succession, grassland, shrubland, and secondary forest corresponded to the early, middle, and late successional stage after agricultural abandonment, while from arable land to plantation forest can be treated as a manual reversion after agricultural abandonment. The results showed that, in dolomite, soil organic C (SOC) and total N (TN) increased continuously with natural succession and increased in plantation forest compared to arable land. Total P (TP) continued to decrease from arable land to grassland and then to shrubland. In limestone, SOC and TN did not follow the same pattern because SOC and TN were slightly higher in grassland than shrubland, while TN was slightly lower in plantation forest compared to arable land. TP was remarkably higher in arable land than the other land-use types. For clasolite, SOC was highest in grassland, while TN was not significantly different among land-use types. Compared to arable land, TP was lower in other types of land use. These soil nutrient characteristics led to various stoichiometric ratios under the five land-use types over different lithologies. Therefore, ecological restoration projects based on land use conversion should consider differences in regional lithology and human disturbance.
Much experimental work has been contributed to all-metal σ, π and
-aromaticity among transition metals, semimetallics and other metals in the past two decades. Before our focused investigations on ...the properties of triangular and sandwich-shaped all-metal aromatics, A. I. Boldyrev presented general discussions on the concepts of all-metal σ-aromaticity and σ-antiaromaticity for metallo-clusters. Schleyer illustrated that Nucleus-Independent Chemical Shifts (NICS) were among the most authoritative criteria for aromaticity. Ugalde discussed the earlier developments of all-metal aromatic compounds with all possible shapes. Besides the theoretical predictions, many stable all-metal aromatic trinuclear clusters have been isolated as the metallic analogues of either the σ-aromatic molecule's H
ion or the π-aromatic molecule's C
H
ion. Different from Hoffman's opinion on all-metal aromaticity, triangular all-metal aromatics were found to hold great potential in applications in coordination chemistry, catalysis, and material science. Triangular all-metal aromatics, which were theoretically proved to conform to the Hückel (4n + 2) rule and possess the smallest aromatic ring, could also play roles as stable ligands during the formation of all-metal sandwiches. The triangular and sandwich-shaped all-metal aromatics have not yet been specifically summarized despite their diversity of existence, puissant developments and various interesting applications. These findings are different from the public opinion that all-metal aromatics would be limited to further applications due to their overstated difficulties in synthesis and uncertain stabilities. Our review will specifically focus on the summarization of theoretical predictions, feasible syntheses and isolations, and multiple applications of triangular and sandwich shaped all-metal aromatics. The appropriateness and necessities of this review will emphasize and disseminate their importance and applications forcefully and in a timely manner.
The fate of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) derived from aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) was investigated within a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) receiving large AFFF inputs from a ...foam refractory testing event. Targeted analysis, the Total Oxidizable Precursor Assay (TOP Assay), and nontargeted analysis with quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) were used to characterize the samples. Over the duration of foam testing, approximately 10.8 kg of total PFASs was measured by TOP Assay in the influent, and 6.3 kg of total PFASs was measured in the effluent; 94 g of PFOS was released in the effluent, apparently from remobilization of historical sources. 1.7% of total PFASs measured in the influent were converted to short chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylates in the effluent. Ten PFAS classes previously reported, including 6:2 fluorotelomer thioether amido sulfonate (6:2 FtTAoS), and 5 PFAS classes newly reported were identified by QTOF. The trickling filter was the only unit operation that resulted in significant gains and losses of individual PFASs, including near complete loss of 6:2 FtTAoS due to transformation. Similar reaction pathways for 6:2 FtTAoS reported in previously published soil and activated sludge microcosm experiments were observed in this WWTP, although a higher yield of perfluoroheptanoic acid was observed.
Soil carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) are some of the most important indicators of soil quality, especially in fragile ecological environments with shallow soils. However, the differences ...in their variations and influencing factors related to scale in karst areas remain unclear. Therefore, variations in surface soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) distributions and their determinant factors were quantitatively analyzed at different scales (i.e., region, sub-region, and catchment) in a typical karst area, southwest China. Overall, both soil nutrient variations and the determinant factors involved varied with scale. The coefficients of variation for SOC, TN, and TP increased significantly from catchment to sub-region scales but changed only slightly between sub-region and region scales. At region and sub-region scales, lithology only affected TP significantly, while land use affected all soil nutrients significantly. However, the explanations for TP variation by lithology and for SOC, TN, and TP variations by land use increased by 12.2, 7.0, 11.0, and 12.8% at sub-region scale over the values observed at region scale, respectively. When lithology and land use were controlled, soil depth was observed playing an important role in soil nutrients at the three studied scales. At region and sub-region scales, other factors related to soil texture (clay, silt, or sand content), topography (elevation or TWI), and climate (MAT or MAP) were selected as significant variables and accounted for a larger proportion of nutrient variation. However, at catchment scale, bare rock rate and micro-topography (e.g., slope) explained soil nutrient variation to a larger proportion. Therefore, elucidation of the role of factors influencing soil nutrients at different scales can provide a guide for soil quality assessment in karst areas.
•Both soil nutrient variation and its determinant factors varied with scale.•Lithology explained 12.2% more of TP variation at sub-region than at region scale.•Land use explained soil nutrient variation best at the sub-region scale.•Bare rock rate affected cropland soil nutrients significantly at the three scales.
Physico-mechanical properties of shale are important parameters in evaluating the stability of potential wellbore and the design of hydraulic fracturing, which are primarily affected by their ...non-uniform spatial distribution of the microscopic physical-mechanical properties at particle scale. A series of constant strain rate experiments and stress-cycling experiments on shale specimens with different bedding dip angles were conducted to have a comprehensive understanding of the effect of the non-uniform distribution of microscopic failure stress on macroscopic physico-mechanical properties. According to the experimental results and Weibull distribution, we find that bedding dip angle and the dynamic load applying type affect the spatial distributions of microscopic failure stress. The values of crack damage stress (σ
), σ
/σ
(peak stress), ε
(strain at crack damage stress), Poissons' ratio (ν), elastic strain energy (U
) and dissipated energy (U
) of the specimens with more uniform distribution of microscopic failure stress are overall higher, while ε
(peak strain)/ε
and elastic modulus (E) are lower. The dynamic load enables the spatial distributions of microscopic failure stress trend to be more homogeneous prior to the final failure with the increment of σ
/σ
, ν, U
and U
and the decrement of E.
The association between internal cadmium exposure and chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been investigated before. However, few studies have shown the association between dietary cadmium intake and ...CKD. In this study, we show the association between life-time dietary cadmium intake and CKD based on a follow-up study. At baseline, we collected blood and urine samples for assays of cadmium and renal effect biomarkers. A questionnaire and food survey was given to each subject to collect diet and lifestyle information for the estimation of cadmium intake. Dietary cadmium, cadmium in blood and urine were regarded as exposure markers. Life-time dietary cadmium intake was estimated based on an individual’s daily cadmium intake and exposure time. At follow-up, 467 persons (163 men and 304 women) were finally included. CKD at follow-up was considered if the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. The eGFR level in subjects in the highest quartile of total dietary cadmium intake (>9.34 g) was significantly lower than in those with a moderate or low intake (p < 0.01). eGFR was negatively associated with total dietary cadmium intake (β = -0.42, 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.77 to -0.07) after adjustment with confounders. Logistic regression further showed that the risk of CKD in subjects with a high total dietary cadmium intake (>2.2 g) was higher than in those with a low intake (odds ratio (OR) = 18.16, 95%CI: 1.75–188.85). A similar association was found between the baseline urinary albumin (UALB) level and CKD incidence. A predictive model based on UALB and life-time dietary cadmium intake showed an acceptable performance (the area under the curve was 0.77 (95%CI: 0.65–0.88)). Our data show that high dietary cadmium exposure was associated with CKD after controlling for renal tubular dysfunction and internal cadmium exposure.
•Life-time dietary cadmium intake (LCd) is correlated with cadmium in blood and urine.•Baseline LCd is negatively related with eGFR.•Baseline LCd is independently associated with incident of chronic kidney disease.
Evaluating the levels of the biomarker carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) is crucial in early cancer diagnosis and prognosis assessment. In this study, an antifouling electrochemical immunosensor was ...developed for the label-free detection of CA19-9, in which bovine serum albumin (BSA) and graphene were cross-linked with the aid of glutaraldehyde to form a 3D conductive porous network on the surface of an electrode. The electrochemical immunosensor was characterized through the use of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), UV spectroscopy, and electrochemical methods. The level of CA19-9 was determined through the use of label-free electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. The electron transfer at the interface of the electrode was well preserved in human serum samples, demonstrating that this electrochemical immunosensor has excellent antifouling performance. CA19-9 could be detected in a wide range from 13.5 U/mL to 1000 U/mL, with a detection limit of 13.5 U/mL in human serum samples. This immunosensor also exhibited good selectivity and stability. The detection results of this immunosensor were further validated and compared using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). All the results confirmed that this immunosensor has a good sensing performance in terms of CA19-9, suggesting its promising application prospects in clinical applications.
Our proof-of-concept study develops a suspect screening workflow to identify and prioritize potentially ubiquitous chemical exposures in matched maternal/cord blood samples, a critical period of ...development for future health risks. We applied liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF/MS) to perform suspect screening for ∼3500 industrial chemicals on pilot data from 30 paired maternal and cord serum samples (n = 60). We matched 662 suspect features in positive ionization mode and 788 in negative ionization mode (557 unique formulas overall) to compounds in our database, and selected 208 of these for fragmentation analysis based on detection frequency, correlation in feature intensity between maternal and cord samples, and peak area differences by demographic characteristics. We tentatively identified 73 suspects through fragmentation spectra matching and confirmed 17 chemical features (15 unique compounds) using analytical standards. We tentatively identified 55 compounds not previously reported in the literature, the majority which have limited to no information about their sources or uses. Examples include (i) 1-(1-acetyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)-3-dodecylpyrrolidine-2,5-dione (known high production volume chemical) (ii) methyl perfluoroundecanoate and 2-perfluorooctyl ethanoic acid (two PFAS compounds); and (iii) Sumilizer GA 80 (plasticizer). Thus, our workflow demonstrates an approach to evaluating the chemical exposome to identify and prioritize chemical exposures during a critical period of development.
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