Background The change of immune cell infiltration essentially influences the process of colorectal cancer development. The infiltration of immune cells can be regulated by a variety of genes. Thus, ...modeling the immune microenvironment of colorectal cancer by analyzing the genes involved can be more conducive to the in-depth understanding of carcinogenesis and the progression thereof. Methods In this study, the number of stromal and immune cells in malignant tumor tissues were first estimated by using expression data (ESTIMATE) and cell-type identification with relative subsets of known RNA transcripts (CIBERSORT) to calculate the proportion of infiltrating immune cell and stromal components of colon cancer samples from the Cancer Genome Atlas database. Then the relationship between the TMN Classification and prognosis of malignant tumors was evaluated. Results By investigating differentially expressed genes using COX regression and protein-protein interaction network (PPI), the candidate hub gene serine protease inhibitor family E member 1 (SERPINE1) was found to be associated with immune cell infiltration. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) further projected the potential pathways with elevated SERPINE1 expression to carcinogenesis and immunity. CIBERSORT was subsequently utilized to investigate the relationship between the expression differences of SERPINE1 and immune cell infiltration and to identify eight immune cells associated with SERPINE1 expression. Conclusion We found that SERPINE1 plays a role in the remodeling of the colon cancer microenvironment and the infiltration of immune cells. Keywords: Colon cancer, SERPINE1, Tumor microenvironment, Tumor-infiltrating immune cells
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Fertilization is an effective agronomic strategy to improve the efficiency of phytoextraction by
Salix integra
Thunb. However, the specific effects of the simultaneous application of nitrogen (N) and ...sulfur (S) fertilizers in the rhizosphere remain unclear. We investigated the bioavailability of lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd) along with the microbial metabolic functions and community structure in the rhizosphere soil of
S. integra
after the application of N (0, 100, and 200 kg·ha
−1
·year
−1
) and S (0, 100, and 200 kg·ha
−1
·year
−1
) fertilizers for 180 days. The simultaneous application of N and S fertilizers significantly enhanced the absorption of Pb and Cd by
S. integra
, whereas this effect was not observed for the single application of N or S fertilizer. The contents of acid-soluble Pb and Cd in the rhizosphere soil significantly increased after either single or combined fertilize applications. The microbial metabolic activity was enhanced by the N and S fertilizers, whereas the microbial diversity markedly decreased. The metabolic patterns were mainly affected by the concentration of N fertilizer. The dominant fungi and bacteria were similar under each treatment, although the relative abundances of the dominant and special species differed. Compared to the N200S100 and N200S200 treatments, the N100S100 and N100S200 treatments resulted in fewer pathogenic fungi and more rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria, which promoted phytoremediation by
S. integra
. Redundancy analysis indicated that the pH and nitrate content were the key factors affecting the structure of the microbial community. Collectively, the results suggest interactive effects between N and S fertilizers on the rhizosphere soil, providing a potential strategy for plant-microbial remediation by
S. integra
.
Along with the coming of industry 4.0 era, industrial internet of things (IIoT) plays a vital role in advanced manufacturing. It can not only connect all equipment and applications in manufacturing ...processes closely, but also provide oceans of sensor data for real-time work-in-process monitoring. Considering the corresponding abnormalities existing in these sensor data sequences, how to effectively implement temporal anomaly detection is of great significance for smart manufacturing. Therefore, in this paper, we proposed a novel time series anomaly detection method, which can effectively recognize corresponding abnormalities within the given time series sequences by standing on the hierarchical temporal representation. Extensive comparison experiments on the benchmark datasets have been conducted to demonstrate the superiority of our method in term of detection accuracy and efficiency on IIOT-enabled manufacturing.
Variations in functional traits serve as measures of plants' ability to adapt to environment. Exploring the patterns of functional traits of desert plants along elevational gradients is helpful to ...understand the responses and adaptation strategies of species to changing environments. However, it is unknown whether the relationship between functional traits and elevation is affected by differences in the species' elevational distributions (elevation preference and species' range). Importantly, most researches have concerned with differences in mean trait values and ignored intraspecific trait variation. Here, we measured functional traits of desert plants along a wide elevational gradient in the Tibetan Plateau and adjacent areas and explored functional trait patterns over elevation in species with different elevational distributions. We decomposed trait variation and further investigated characterizations of intraspecific variation. Ultimately, the main drivers of trait variation were identified using redundancy analysis. We found that species' elevational distributions significantly influenced the relationship of functional traits such as plant height, leaf dry matter content, leaf thickness, leaf nitrogen and carbon content with elevation. Species with a lower elevational preference showed greater trait variation than species with a higher elevational preference, suggesting that species that prefer high elevation are more conservative facing environmental changes. We provide evidence that interspecific trait variation in leaf thickness and leaf carbon content decreased with increasing species' range, indicating that increased variations in resistance traits within species make greater responsiveness to environmental changes, enabling species a wider range. Elevation, temperature and precipitation were the main drivers of trait variation in species with a low elevational preference, while the effect of precipitation on trait variation in species with a high elevational preference was not significant. This study sheds new insights on how plants with different elevational distributions regulate their ecological strategies to cope with changing environments.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Behçet’s syndrome (BS) is a chronic form of relapsing multisystem vasculitis, characterized by recurrent oral and genital ulcers. Intestinal BS is a special type of BS. Volcano-shaped ulcers in the ...ileocecum are a typical finding of intestinal BS, and punched-out ulcers can be observed in the intestine or esophagus. At present, there is no recognized radical treatment for intestinal BS. Glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants are currently the main drugs used to improve the condition. Although it has been reported that monoclonal anti-TNF antibodies may be effective for some refractory intestinal BS, further randomized, prospective trials are necessary to confirm these findings. Some patients are restricted from using biological agents because of serious allergic reactions of drugs, inconvenient drug injections or the impact of the novel coronavirus epidemic. If endoscopic remission (endoscopic healing) is not achieved for a prolonged period of time, serious complications, such as perforation, fistula formation, and gastrointestinal bleeding can be induced. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new treatment methods for controlling disease progression. We reviewed the relevant literature, combined with the analysis of the correlation between the pathogenesis of BS and the mechanism of Janus kinase (JAK) inhibition, and considered that tofacitinib (TOF) may be effective for managing refractory intestinal BS. We report for the first time that four patients with severe refractory intestinal BS were successfully treated with TOF. We hope to provide valuable information on JAK inhibitors as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of severe refractory intestinal BS.
Imbalanced nutritional supply and demand in the tumor microenvironment often leads to hypoxia. The subtle interaction between hypoxia and immune cell behavior plays an important role in tumor ...occurrence and development. However, the functional relationship between hypoxia and the tumor microenvironment remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of hypoxia on the intestinal tumor microenvironment.
We extracted the names of hypoxia-related genes from the Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) database and screened them for those associated with colorectal cancer prognosis, with the final list including
,
,
, and
. Using the sum of the expression levels of these four genes, provided by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases, and the expression coefficients, we developed a hypoxia risk score model. Using the median risk score value, we divided the patients in the two databases into high- and low-risk groups. GSEA was used to compare the enrichment differences between the two groups. We used the CIBERSORT computational method to analyze immune cell infiltration. Finally, the correlation between these five genes and hypoxia was analyzed.
The prognosis of the two groups differed significantly, with a higher survival rate in the low-risk group than in the high-risk group. We found that the different risk groups were enriched by immune-related and inflammatory pathways. We identified activated M0 macrophages in TCGA and GEO databases and found that
, and
contributed toward the increased infiltration rate of this immune cell type. Finally, we observed a positive correlation between the five candidate genes' expression and the risk of hypoxia, with significant differences in the level of expression of each of these genes between patient risk groups.
Overall, our data suggest that hypoxia is associated with the prognosis and rate of immune cell infiltration in patients with colorectal cancer. This finding may improve immunotherapy for colorectal cancer.
Aims
Drought significantly impacts ecosystem structure and function, especially the transformation rates of soil carbon and nitrogen. This study explores how drought affects ecosystem respiration (R
...e
), methane (CH
4
) uptake and nitrous oxide (N
2
O) emissions in temperate desert steppes and the underlying mechanisms.
Methods
An
in-situ
experiment was conducted in the Inner Mongolia desert steppe in northern China to study the effect of drought on R
e
, CH
4
and N
2
O fluxes. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to establish the relationship between R
e
, CH
4
uptake and N
2
O emissions and plant functional traits and environmental factors.
Results
Ecosystem respiration and CH
4
uptake were both significantly reduced by chronic drought (66 % precipitation reduction from 1 May to 31 August) but not by pulse drought (100 % precipitation reduction in June and July). In contrast, no significant impact on N
2
O emissions was observed under chronic or pulse drought. There were no significant direct effects of soil moisture on R
e
, CH
4
uptake or N
2
O emissions. However, soil moisture had an important indirect effect on R
e
, CH
4
uptake and N
2
O emissions, mainly through its influence on plant functional traits, plant above-ground biomass and soil nutrients. Plant biomass and soil temperature were the key indicators of R
e
, and plant leaf nitrogen content was the key plant trait associated with N
2
O emissions. In contrast, plant specific leaf area and biomass were the key traits associated with CH
4
uptake.
Conclusions
Overall, R
e
and CH
4
uptake were reduced by chronic drought in this desert steppe, but there was no significant effect on N
2
O emissions. Ecosystem respiration, CH
4
uptake and N
2
O emissions were associated with plant functional traits. This provides new insight for the understanding of soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics in desert steppe systems under drought conditions and an important theoretical basis for the revision of model parameters.
Drought greatly affects the growth and development of garden plants and affects their ornamental value. WRKY transcription factors make up one of the largest transcription factor families in plants ...and they play an important role in the plant response to drought stress. However, the function of the WRKY gene in response to drought stress in
Iris germanica
, which is commonly used in landscaping, has not been studied. In this study, we isolated two WRKY transcription factor genes from
Iris germanica
,
IgWRKY50
and
IgWRKY32
, which belong to Group II and Group III of the WRKY family, respectively.
IgWRKY50
and
IgWRKY32
could be induced by PEG-6000, high temperature and ABA in
Iris germanica. IgWRKY50
and
IgWRKY32
could quickly respond to drought and they peaked at 3 h after PEG-6000 treatment (19.93- and 23.32-fold). The fusion proteins IgWRKY50-GFP and IgWRKY32-GFP were located in the nucleus of mesophyll protoplasts of
Arabidopsis
. The overexpression of the
IgWRKY50
and
IgWRKY32
genes improved the osmotic tolerance of transgenic
Arabidopsis
, mainly exhibited by the transgenic plants having a higher germination rate and a longer total root length on 1/2 MS medium containing mannitol. Under PEG-6000 stress, the transgenic plants had higher stomatal closure than the wild type (WT). Under natural drought stress, the water loss rate of the isolated leaves of transgenic
Arabidopsis
was lower than that of WT, the contents of proline (Pro) and soluble protein (SP) and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) in the transgenic plants were higher, but the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) was lower. Furthermore, the expression of several stress-related genes (
RD29A, DREB2A, PP2CA
, and
ABA2
) was significantly increased in
IgWRKY50-
and
IgWRKY32
- overexpressing transgenic
Arabidposis
plants after drought treatment. These results suggest that
IgWRKY50
and
IgWRKY32
, as two positive regulators, enhance the drought resistance of transgenic
Arabidopsis
by mediating the ABA signal transduction pathway.
IgWRKY50
and
IgWRKY32
can be used as candidate genes for molecular breeding of drought resistance in
Iris
.
Infrared (IR) microlens arrays (MLA) have attracted increasing interest for use in infrared micro-optical devices and systems. However, the beam homogenization of IR laser light is relatively ...difficult to achieve because most materials absorb strongly in the IR wavelength band. In this paper, we present a new method for the application of double-sided quasi-periodic chalcogenide glass (ChG) MLAs to infrared laser homogenization systems. These are non-regular arrays of closely spaced MLAs. The double-sided MLAs were successfully prepared on the ChG surface using a single-pulse femtosecond laser-assisted chemical etching technique and a precision glass molding technique. More than two million close-packed microlenses on the ChG surface were successfully fabricated within 200 min. By taking advantage of ChG’s good optical performance and transmittance (60%) in the infrared wavelength band (1~11 μm), the homogenization of the IR beam was successfully achieved using the ChG quasi-periodic MLA.
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