•The accuracy of the diagnostic code in Taiwan's claims database for major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, and dementia was acceptable.•Text mining approach could extract depressive symptoms ...almost perfectly but not functional impairment.•Using text mining approach to identify major depressive disorder, the sensitivity was acceptable but precision was less satisfactory.
Many studies have used Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research database (NHIRD) to conduct psychiatric research. However, the accuracy of the diagnostic codes for psychiatric disorders in NHIRD is not validated, and the symptom profiles are not available either. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of diagnostic codes and use text mining to extract symptom profile and functional impairment from electronic health records (EHRs) to overcome the above research limitations.
A total of 500 discharge notes were randomly selected from a medical center's database. Three annotators reviewed the notes to establish gold standards. The accuracy of diagnostic codes for major psychiatric illness was evaluated. Text mining approaches were applied to extract depressive symptoms and function profiles and to identify patients with major depressive disorder.
The accuracy of the diagnostic code for major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, and dementia was acceptable but that of bipolar disorder and minor depression was less satisfactory. The performance of text mining approach to recognize depressive symptoms is satisfactory; however, the recall for functional impairment is lower resulting in lower F-scores of 0.774–0.753. Using the text mining approach to identify major depressive disorder, the recall was 0.85 but precision was only 0.69.
The accuracy of the diagnostic code for major depressive disorder in discharge notes was generally acceptable. This finding supports the utilization of psychiatric diagnoses in claims databases. The application of text mining to EHRs might help in overcoming current limitations in research using claims databases.
Aim
Previous pilot studies suggest that sodium benzoate may be a potential cognitive enhancer for patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), schizophrenia, or late‐life depression. Especially for AD ...treatment, a confirmatory trial with predictive biomarkers is urgently needed. This study aimed to confirm benzoate as a novel treatment for AD and to discover its optimal dose and biomarkers.
Methods
A 24‐week, dose‐finding, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial, with clinical measurements at weeks 0, 8, 16, and 24, was conducted in three major medical centers in Taiwan. Among 154 patients screened for AD, 149 were eligible and randomized to one of the four treatments: (i) benzoate 500 group (fixed 500 mg/day); (ii) benzoate 750 (500 mg/day for the first 4 weeks, 750 mg/day from the 5th week); (iii) benzoate 1000 (500 mg/day for the first 4 weeks, 1000 mg/day from the 5th week); and (iv) placebo. The primary outcome measure was AD assessment scale‐cognitive subscale (ADAS‐cog).
Results
The benzoate 1000 group performed best in improving ADAS‐cog (P = 0.026 at week 24), with female advantage. Higher plasma catalase at baseline predicted better outcome. Benzoate receivers tended to have higher catalase and glutathione than placebo recipients after treatment. The four intervention groups showed similar safety profiles.
Conclusions
By enhancing two vital endogenous antioxidants, catalase and glutathione, sodium benzoate therapy improved cognition of patients with AD, with higher baseline catalase predicting better response. Supporting the oxidative stress theory, the results show promise for benzoate as a novel treatment for AD.
Zeugodacus cucurbitae Coquillett (Diptera: Tephritidae) is an agriculturally and economically important pest worldwide that has developed resistance to β‐cypermethrin. Glutathione S‐transferases ...(GSTs) have been reported to be involved in the detoxification of insecticides in insects. We have found that both ZcGSTd6 and ZcGSTd10 were up‐regulated by β‐cypermethrin induction in our previous study, so we aimed to explore their potential relationship with β‐cypermethrin tolerance in this study. The heterologous expression of ZcGSTd6 and ZcGSTd10 in Escherichia coli showed significantly high activities against 1‐chloro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzene (CDNB). The kinetic parameters of ZcGSTd6 and ZcGSTd10 were determined by Lineweaver–Burk. The Vmax and Km of ZcGSTd6 were 0.50 μmol/min·mg and 0.3 mM, respectively. The Vmax and Km of ZcGSTd10 were 1.82 μmol/min·mg and 0.53 mM. The 3D modelling and molecular docking results revealed that β‐cypermethrin exhibited a stronger bounding to the active site SER‐9 of ZcGSTd10. The sensitivity to β‐cypermethrin was significantly increased by 18.73% and 27.21%, respectively, after the knockdown of ZcGSTd6 and ZcGSTd10 by using RNA interference. In addition, the inhibition of CDNB at 50% (IC50) and the inhibition constants (Ki) of β‐cypermethrin against ZcGSTd10 were determined as 0.41 and 0.33 mM, respectively. The Ki and IC50 of β‐cypermethrin against ZcSGTd6 were not analysed. These results suggested that ZcGSTd10 could be an essential regulator involved in the tolerance of Z. cucurbitae to β‐cypermethrin.
The 3D modelling and molecular docking results revealed that β‐cypermethrin exhibited a stronger bounding to the active site SER‐9 of ZcGSTd10.
The sensitivity to β‐cypermethrin was significantly increased by 27.21% when ZcGSTd10 was suppressed.
The IC50 and Ki of β‐cypermethrin against ZcGSTd10 were 0.41 and 0.33 mM, respectively.
Most studies have focused on the risk factors, treatment, and care of affective psychosis, and several have reported a relationship between ambient air quality and this psychosis. Although an ...association has been reported between psychosis and genes, studies mainly explored the associations between one type of psychosis and one gene; few have identified genes related to affective psychosis. This study investigates the genetic and environmental factors of affective psychosis.
In this retrospective longitudinal study, 27 604 participants aged 30-70 were selected from Taiwan Biobank. The participants' propensity scores were calculated based on their demographic information, and propensity score matching was performed to divide the participants into an experimental (i.e., affective psychosis) and control group at a 1:5 ratio. Plink was used to analyze the major and minor types of gene expression related to affective psychosis, and PM
exposure was incorporated into the analyses.
According to the generalized estimating equation analysis results, 8 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) belonging to the ANK3, BDNF, CACNA1C, and GRID1 genotypes were significantly correlated with depressive disorder (P < .001), with the majority belonging to the ANK3 and CACNA1C. A total of 5 SNPs belonging to the CACNA1C, GRID1, and SIRT1 genotypes were significantly correlated with bipolar disorder (P < .001), with the majority belonging to the CACNA1C. No significant correlation was identified between ambient air pollution and affective psychosis.
CACNA1C and GRID1 are common SNP genotypes for depressive disorder and bipolar disorder and should be considered associated with affective psychosis.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Both adolescent substance use and adolescent depression are major public health problems, and have the tendency to co-occur. Thousands of articles on adolescent substance use or depression have been ...published. It is labor intensive and time consuming to extract huge amounts of information from the cumulated collections. Topic modeling offers a computational tool to find relevant topics by capturing meaningful structure among collections of documents.
In this study, a total of 17,723 abstracts from PubMed published from 2000 to 2014 on adolescent substance use and depression were downloaded as objects, and Latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) was applied to perform text mining on the dataset. Word clouds were used to visually display the content of topics and demonstrate the distribution of vocabularies over each topic.
The LDA topics recaptured the search keywords in PubMed, and further discovered relevant issues, such as intervention program, association links between adolescent substance use and adolescent depression, such as sexual experience and violence, and risk factors of adolescent substance use, such as family factors and peer networks. Using trend analysis to explore the dynamics of proportion of topics, we found that brain research was assessed as a hot issue by the coefficient of the trend test.
Topic modeling has the ability to segregate a large collection of articles into distinct themes, and it could be used as a tool to understand the literature, not only by recapturing known facts but also by discovering other relevant topics.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Protein-coding de novo mutations (DNMs) are significant risk factors in many neurodevelopmental disorders, whereas schizophrenia (SCZ) risk associated with DNMs has thus far been shown to be modest. ...We analyzed DNMs from 1,695 SCZ-affected trios and 1,077 published SCZ-affected trios to better understand the contribution to SCZ risk. Among 2,772 SCZ probands, exome-wide DNM burden remained modest. Gene set analyses revealed that SCZ DNMs were significantly concentrated in genes that were highly expressed in the brain, that were under strong evolutionary constraint and/or overlapped with genes identified in other neurodevelopmental disorders. No single gene surpassed exome-wide significance; however, 16 genes were recurrently hit by protein-truncating DNMs, corresponding to a 3.15-fold higher rate than the mutation model expectation (permuted 95% confidence interval: 1-10 genes; permuted P = 3 × 10
). Overall, DNMs explain a small fraction of SCZ risk, and larger samples are needed to identify individual risk genes, as coding variation across many genes confers risk for SCZ in the population.
In this work, we have successfully prepared urchin-like NiCo2O4 spheres via a facile hydrothermal method without any templates or surfactants. The as-prepared urchin-like NiCo2O4 spheres have uniform ...diameters of 6 μm with numerous small nanorods radially-grown from the center. Typical nanorods have diameters of 20–50 nm and lengths of 2–3 μm. Remarkably, urchin-like NiCo2O4 nanostructure as an alternative non-precious metal electrocatalyst for ORR exhibits catalytic performance and excellent cycling stability in alkaline environment.
Abstract
Background
Compared with adults with depression in the general population, elderly depressive patients are prone to poor treatment response, more side effects, and early withdrawal with ...current antidepressants (which principally modulate monoamines). Whether N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor enhancement can benefit treatment of late-life depression deserves study. This study aims to compare sodium benzoate (a D-amino acid oxidase inhibitor and an indirect N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor enhancer), sertraline (a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor), and placebo in the treatment of late-life depression.
Methods
In this randomized, double-blind trial, 117 patients with major depressive disorder aged 55 years or older received 8-week treatment of 250–1500 mg/d of sodium benzoate, 25–150 mg/d of sertraline, or placebo in 2 medical centers. The primary outcome measures were Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and Perceived Stress Scale scores.
Results
Three treatments similarly decreased clinicians-rated Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores. Compared with placebo, sodium benzoate but not sertraline substantially improved Perceived Stress Scale scores and cognitive function. Sertraline, but not benzoate, significantly reduced self-report Geriatric Depression Scale scores. Benzoate and placebo showed similar safety profiles, while sertraline was more likely to raise low-density lipoprotein than benzoate and placebo. Benzoate-treated patients were less likely to drop out than sertraline or placebo recipients.
Conclusions
Sertraline can reduce subjective depressive symptoms, while benzoate can decrease perceived stress, improve cognitive function, and enhance treatment adherence in late-life depression patients. The results show promise for D-amino acid oxidase inhibition as a novel approach for perceived stress and cognitive decline among patients with late-life depression.
Trial Registration
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03414931. Registered January 2016.
•NMDAR-redox dysfunction is implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease•DAO regulates NMDAR function; and GSH, SOD, and CAT cohesively modulate oxidative stress.•This study found that these ...four blood biomarkers showed different results in MCI patients and in healthy individuals in 2-year follow-up period.•Among the MCI patients, GSH levels were correlated with SOD and CAT, and DAO levels were correlated with SOD.•Baseline GSH were correlated with cognitive outcome in both groups; baseline DAO were correlated with cognitive decline in the patients.
NMDAR hypofunction and oxidative stress are implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) regulates NMDAR function. Glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase are three first-line endogenous antioxidants. This study explored the associations of these potential biomarkers with mild cognitive impairment. Cognitive function and blood levels of DAO, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase were measured in 63 mild cognitive impairment patients and 24 healthy individuals every 6 months for 2 years. Among the patients, DAO and glutathione levels at baseline contributed to the cognitive decline 2 years later. Among the healthy individuals, only glutathione levels were associated with cognitive change. The four biomarkers differed in change directions (upward vs. downward) in the patients and in the healthy individuals. Among patients, glutathione levels were negatively correlated with superoxide dismutase and positively correlated with catalase, and DAO levels were negatively correlated with superoxide dismutase. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the differential associations of NMDAR hypofunction and oxidative stress with cognitive change between the mild cognitive impairment patients and healthy people. Glutathione may be regarded as an aging marker for both mild cognitive impairment and normal aging; and DAO, a biomarker exclusively for mild cognitive impairment.
•Both sodium benzoate and tDCS improved cognitive function of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD).•In this clinical trial, 97 early-phase AD patients received 10-session tDCS, followed by 24 weeks ...of benzoate or placebo treatment.•Benzoate added to tDCS didn't get extra benefit. Future research could apply other designs, e.g., longer treatment, or benzoate before tDCS.
Previous studies found that an NMDA receptor (NMDAR) enhancer, sodium benzoate, improved cognitive function of patients with early-phase Alzheimer's disease (AD). Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) induces NMDAR-dependent synaptic plasticity and strengthens cognitive function of AD patients. This study aimed to evaluate efficacy and safety of tDCS plus benzoate in early-phase dementia. In this 24-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 97 patients with early-phase AD received 10-session tDCS during the first 2 weeks. They then took benzoate or placebo for 24 weeks. We assessed the patients using Alzheimer's disease assessment scale - cognitive subscale (ADAS-cog), Clinician's Interview-Based Impression of Change plus Caregiver Input, Mini Mental Status Examination, Alzheimer's disease Cooperative Study scale for ADL in MCI, and a battery of additional cognitive tests. Forty-seven patients received sodium benzoate, and the other 50 placebo. The two treatment groups didn't differ significantly in ADAS-cog or other measures. Addition of benzoate to tDCS didn't get extra benefit or side effect in this study. For more thoroughly studying the potential of combining tDCS with benzoate in the AD treatment, future research should use other study designs, such as longer-term benzoate treatment, adding benzoate in the middle of tDCS trial sessions, or administering benzoate then tDCS.
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