•PLD and its lipid product PA are involved in plant-microbial interactions.•PLDs play positive and negative roles in plant immunity, depending on the types of pathogens and specific PLDs ...involved.•Different biochemical and regulatory properties of PLDs underlie a basis for the multifaceted functions of PLDs.
Phospholipase D (PLD) hydrolyzes membrane phospholipids to generate phosphatidic acid (PA). Both PLD and its lipid product PA are involved in various physiological processes, including plant response to pathogens. The PLD family is comprised of multiple members in higher plants, and PLDs have been reported to play positive and/or negative roles in plant immunity, depending on the types of pathogens and specific PLDs involved. Individual PLDs have distinguishable biochemical properties, such as Ca2+ and phosphatidylinositide requirements. In addition, PLDs and PA are found to interact with various proteins in hormone and stress signaling. The different biochemical and regulatory properties of PLDs and PA shed light on the mechanisms for the functional diversity of PLDs in plant defense signaling and response.
This study explores the application of information fusion technology in teaching art and design majors in colleges and universities, aiming to improve the teaching effect and students’ practical ...ability. The study adopts the flipped classroom teaching model and combines the multiple linear regression method to analyze the effectiveness of the teaching model. The model includes three stages: teaching preparation, teaching process and teaching reflection. The practice teaching system includes online and offline integration of on-campus practice, humanistic literacy practice, on-site participation practice and other multivariate systems. The study results showed that the students who adopted this teaching model scored 4.237, 4.388, and 4.186 (out of 5) in learning self-efficacy, learning adaptability, and learning engagement, respectively, indicating that the students were in the middle to upper level in these areas. The results of regression analysis showed that learning self-efficacy and learning adaptability had a significant positive effect on learning engagement. The conclusion indicates that the application of information fusion technology can significantly improve the learning self-efficacy, learning adaptability and learning engagement of art and design majors, thus improving the quality of teaching and students’ practical ability. This provides new perspectives and methods for teaching art design majors in colleges and universities.
The ability to measure plant hormones quantitatively is important as plant hormones regulate plant growth, development and response to biotic and abiotic cues. In this protocol, we describe the ...quantitative analysis of major plant hormones from crude plant extracts. Plant hormones are determined using reverse-phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with multiple reaction monitoring. The method provides quantification of most major plant hormones in a single run from 50 mg of fresh plant tissue. Extraction and quantitative analysis of 40 samples takes 2-3 d.
Abstract
Various stress conditions induce the nuclear translocation of cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPC), but its nuclear function in plant stress responses remains elusive. ...Here we show that GAPC interacts with a transcription factor to promote the expression of heat-inducible genes and heat tolerance in Arabidopsis. GAPC accumulates in the nucleus under heat stress. Overexpression of
GAPC
enhances heat tolerance of seedlings and the expression of heat-inducible genes whereas knockout of
GAPCs
has opposite effects. Screening of Arabidopsis transcription factors identifies nuclear factor Y subunit C10 (NF-YC10) as a GAPC-binding protein. The effects of
GAPC
overexpression are abolished when
NF-YC10
is deficient, the heat-induced nuclear accumulation of GAPC is suppressed, or the GAPC-NF-YC10 interaction is disrupted.
GAPC
overexpression also enhances the binding ability of NF-YC10 to its target promoter. The results reveal a cellular and molecular mechanism for the nuclear moonlighting of a glycolytic enzyme in plant response to environmental changes.
Medicine counterfeiting is a serious issue worldwide, involving potentially devastating health repercussions. Advanced anti-counterfeit technology for drugs has therefore aroused intensive interest. ...However, existing anti-counterfeit technologies are associated with drawbacks such as the high cost, complex fabrication process, sophisticated operation and incapability in authenticating drug ingredients. In this contribution, we developed a smart phone recognition based upconversion fluorescent three-dimensional (3D) quick response (QR) code for tracking and anti-counterfeiting of drugs. We firstly formulated three colored inks incorporating upconversion nanoparticles with RGB (i.e., red, green and blue) emission colors. Using a modified inkjet printer, we printed a series of colors by precisely regulating the overlap of these three inks. Meanwhile, we developed a multilayer printing and splitting technology, which significantly increases the information storage capacity per unit area. As an example, we directly printed the upconversion fluorescent 3D QR code on the surface of drug capsules. The 3D QR code consisted of three different color layers with each layer encoded by information of different aspects of the drug. A smart phone APP was designed to decode the multicolor 3D QR code, providing the authenticity and related information of drugs. The developed technology possesses merits in terms of low cost, ease of operation, high throughput and high information capacity, thus holds great potential for drug anti-counterfeiting.
Summary
Phosphate (Pi) deficiency in soils is a major limiting factor for plant growth. In response to Pi deprivation, one prominent metabolic adaptation in plants is the decrease in membrane ...phospholipids that consume approximately one‐third cellular Pi. The level of two phospholipid‐hydrolyzing enzymes, phospholipase Dζ2 (PLDζ2) and non‐specific phospholipase C4 (NPC4), is highly induced in Pi‐deprived Arabidopsis. To determine the role of PLDζ2 and NPC4 in plant growth under Pi limitation, Arabidopsis plants deficient in both PLDζ2 and NPC4 (npc4pldζ2) were generated and characterized. Lipid remodeling in leaves and roots was analyzed at three different durations of Pi deficiency. NPC4 affected lipid changes mainly in roots at an early stage of Pi deprivation, whereas PLDζ2 exhibited a more overt effect on lipid remodeling in leaves at a later stage of Pi deprivation. Pi deficiency‐induced galactolipid increase and phospholipid decrease were impeded in pldζ2 and npc4pldζ2 plants. In addition, seedlings of npc4pldζ2 had the same root hair density as pldζ2 but shorter root hair length than pldζ2 in response to Pi deficiency. The loss of NPC4 decreased root hair length but had no effect on root hair density. These data suggest that PLDζ2 and NPC4 mediate the Pi deprivation‐induced lipid remodeling in a tissue‐ and time‐specific manner. PLDζ2 and NPC4 have distinctively different roles in root hair growth and development in response to Pi deprivation; PLDζ2 negatively modulates root hair density and length, whereas NPC4 promotes root hair elongation.
Significance Statement
This study reveals that PLDζ2 and NPC4, the two most highly induced phospholipases under Pi deficiency, have distinguishable roles in lipid remodeling and root hair growth in plant adaption to low Pi availability.
Key message
We describe the development and application of the Sorghum QTL Atlas, a high-resolution, open-access research platform to facilitate candidate gene identification across three cereal ...species, sorghum, maize and rice.
The mechanisms governing the genetic control of many quantitative traits are only poorly understood and have yet to be fully exploited. Over the last two decades, over a thousand QTL and GWAS studies have been published in the major cereal crops including sorghum, maize and rice. A large body of information has been generated on the genetic basis of quantitative traits, their genomic location, allelic effects and epistatic interactions. However, such QTL information has not been widely applied by cereal improvement programs and genetic researchers worldwide. In part this is due to the heterogeneous nature of QTL studies which leads QTL reliability variation from study to study. Using approaches to adjust the QTL confidence interval, this platform provides access to the most updated sorghum QTL information than any database available, spanning 23 years of research since 1995. The QTL database provides information on the predicted gene models underlying the QTL CI, across all sorghum genome assembly gene sets and maize and rice genome assemblies and also provides information on the diversity of the underlying genes and information on signatures of selection in sorghum. The resulting high-resolution, open-access research platform facilitates candidate gene identification across 3 cereal species, sorghum, maize and rice. Using a number of trait examples, we demonstrate the power and resolution of the resource to facilitate comparative genomics approaches to provide a bridge between genomics and applied breeding.
Lipids function not only as the major structural components of cell membranes, but also as molecular messengers that transduce signals to trigger downstream signaling events in the cell. Phosphatidic ...acid (PA), the simplest and a minor class of glycerophospholipids, is a key intermediate for the synthesis of membrane and storage lipids, and also plays important roles in mediating diverse cellular and physiological processes in eukaryotes ranging from microbes to mammals and higher plants. PA comprises different molecular species that can act differently, and is found in virtually all organisms, tissues, and organellar membranes, with variations in total content and molecular species composition. The cellular levels of PA are highly dynamic in response to stimuli and multiple enzymatic reactions can mediate its production and degradation. Moreover, its unique physicochemical properties compared with other glycerophospholipids allow PA to influence membrane structure and dynamics, and interact with various proteins. PA has emerged as a class of new lipid mediators modulating various signaling and cellular processes via its versatile effects, such as membrane tethering, conformational changes, and enzymatic activities of target proteins, and vesicular trafficking.
PDF
