Objective：To provide an evidence-based and consistent assessment of the burden of cancer attributable to inadequate fruit and vegetable intake in China in 2005.Methods：The proportions of cancers ...attributable to low consumption of vegetable and fruit were calculated separately to estimate the burden of related cancers for the year 2005 in China.Data on the prevalence of exposure were derived from a Chinese nutrition and health survey.Data on relative risks were mainly derived from meta-analysis.Attributable fractions were calculated based on the counterfactual scenario which was a shift in the exposure distribution.Results：The total cancer burden attributable to inadequate consumption of fruit was up to 233,000 deaths （13.0% of all cancers） and 300,000 cases （11.6% of all cancers） in 2005.Increasing consumption of vegetable to the highest quintile could avoid total cancer deaths and cases by 3.6% （64,000 persons） and 3.4% （88,000 persons）.The contributions to cancer burden were higher in rural areas than in urban areas.They have greater influence on men than on women.The largest proportions of cancer burden attributable to low fruit and vegetable intake were for oral and pharyngeal cancers.Conclusion：This study showed that inadequate intake of fruit and vegetable makes a significant contribution to the cancer burden.Increasing consumption of fruit and vegetable could prevent many cancer deaths and save many lives.Promoting the consumption of fruit and vegetable is an important component in diet-based strategies for preventing cancer.
Hybrid power bus is composed of the ISG driving system and diesel engine. The ISG driving system is integrated the generator and starter. In the rule of matching the ISG motor and diesel engine, the ...way to simulate ISG drive system efficiency was put out. Using this method, the working process of hybrid drive system which is made by permanent magnet synchronous motor and YC6105 diesel engine has been simulated. The ISG drive system efficiency in different input voltages was analyzed, the result shows that in the rated speed ISG drive system is in high efficiency, when the speed is higher than rated speed the efficiency of drive system is decline. However, the efficiency is still in the higher range. The maximum power and torque of the ISG increase when input voltage is rising in the same speed. The ISG driving system efficiency is the same trend in different input voltage. According to bus city running condition, the torque and maximum speed of ISG drive motor can be satisfy to the requirements of city bus.
Halogen-containing polymeric flame retardants in engineering thermoplastics have been analyzed by pyrolysis gas chromatography (Py-GC) with an atomic emission detector (AED) and a mass selective ...detector (MSD). The atomic emission detector is very effective in monitoring halogen-containing pyrolysates after Py-GC. The type of polymeric flame retardant used in thermoplastics can be identified by peak pattern recognition through an AED halogen element trace. In this study, a set of thermoplastic resins containing different brominated polymeric flame retardants have been studied. After generation of the pyrogram by Py-GC/AED, those pyrolysates produced from polymeric flame retardants were identified by MSD analysis of a complex total ion chromatogram (TIC) generated by the thermoplastic resins. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of the AED in the tasks of specific element monitoring and component pattern recognition. The advantages and disadvantages of using the AED are also discussed.
The composition and microstructure of polymers in a latex system have been studied by pyrolysis gas chromatography (Py-GC). Traditionally, when latex systems have been analyzed, all polymeric ...materials have been assumed to be in the emulsion phase, and the aqueous phase contains some additives, surfactants, initiators, and chain-transfer agents. The polymeric materials in the aqueous phase will easily be overlooked because most analytical approaches do not perform any detailed polymer analysis of the aqueous phase. In addition to that, the polymer in the aqueous phase generally contains acid or alcohol functional groups in order to be dissolved/stabilized in the aqueous phase. Since monomers containing acid or alcohol functional groups are not readily detected in most pyrolysis experiments, the Py-GC study of these types of polymers always has some degree of difficulty. However, the composition and microstructure analysis can be accomplished by prepyrolysis derivatization with an appropriate derivatization reagent to convert the acid functional group to its ester. After prepyrolysis derivatization followed by Py-GC, the composition of polymer can be obtained from calculations based on relative monomer intensities. The microstructure can be explored by comparing the pure and hybrid trimer peak pattern with appropriate standards.
A full color microcapsule‐type of electrophoretic display (EPD) with facile transferring method was firstly demonstrated. Using this method, we spatially deployed the different color microcapsules ...into subpixels. The %NTSC reaches 19.1%, which is the highest record among all the microcapsule‐type of EPD display reported.
A new geldanamycin (GDM) derivative was discovered and isolated from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces hygroscopicus 17997. Its chemical structure was elucidated as thiazinogeldanamycin by ...LC-MS, sulfur analysis, and NMR. The addition of cysteine to the fermentation medium significantly stimulated the production level of thiazinogeldanamycin, suggesting cysteine as a precursor of thiazinogeldanamycin production. Although showing a decreased cytotoxicity against HepG2 cancer cells, thiazinogeldanamycin exhibited an improved water solubility and photostability. Thiazinogeldanamycin may represent the first natural GDM derivative characterized so far that uses GDM as its precursor. Its appearance also clearly indicates that an appropriate end-point of fermentation is of critical importance for the maximal production of GDM by Streptomyces hygroscopicus 17997.
Every year, many natural disasters strike Taiwan, destroying bridges and disrupting traffic. To allow shipping of relief provisions and salvage, fabricated steel bridges are often used to construct ...emergency relief bridges. This kind of bridge must meet strength and functionality requirements. Strength depends on the materials used, while functionality depends on displacement control. These two requirements affect the section design of the bridge deck. In order to quickly build a light-weight bridge for emergency relief with displacement control, a neutral equilibrium mechanism is proposed and developed to control the deflection of an emergency relief bridge. A neutral equilibrium mechanism is a system with an internal control mechanism that can actively change the internal structure. Structural transformation causes the size variation of the action force to respond to continuous changes in bridge deflection. This mechanism can expand the effective span of the bridge, maintain its strength and functionality, and increase the convenience of building and mobility. Experimental results reveal that a virtual pier at the center of a bridge with this proposed mechanism installed can control vertical deflection caused by vehicles carrying heavy loads. Test and analysis records also reveal that the vertical displacement at the center of a bridge with the neutral equilibrium mechanism installed is close to zero. The practicality of this neutral equilibrium mechanism has been verified by experiment.
AIM To investigate the effects of sleeve gastrectomy plus trunk vagotomy(SGTV) compared with sleeve gastrectomy(SG) in a diabetic rat model.METHODS SGTV, SG, TV and Sham operations were performed on ...rats with diabetes induced by high-fat diet and streptozotocin. Body weight, food intake, oral glucose tolerance test, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance(HOMA-IR), hepatic insulin signaling(IR, IRS1, IRS2, PI3 K and AKT), oral glucose stimulatedinsulin secretion, GLP-1 and ghrelin were compared at various postoperative times.RESULTS Both SG and SGTV resulted in better glucose tolerance, lower HOMA-IR, up-regulated hepatic insulin signaling, higher levels of oral glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, higher postprandial GLP-1 and lower fasting ghrelin levels than the TV and Sham groups. No significant differences were observed between the SG and SGTV groups. In addition, no significant differences were found between the TV and Sham groups in terms of glucose tolerance, HOMA-IR, hepatic insulin signaling, oral glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, postprandial GLP-1 and fasting ghrelin levels. No differences in body weight and food intake were noted between the four groups.CONCLUSION SGTV is feasible for diabetes control and is independent of weight loss. However, SGTV did not result in a better improvement in diabetes than SG alone.
N,S,Fe-doped graphene nanosheets were directly synthesized from aminothiazole, a precursor molecule that contains N and S atoms, through Fe catalysis under heat treatment. The graphene nanosheets ...exhibited high electrocatalytic activity toward oxygen reduction reaction in both acidic and alkaline media during rotating disk electrode half-cell and fuel cell tests.
N,S,Fe-doped graphene nanosheets with high ORR electrocatalytic activity were directly synthesized from aminothiazole through Fe catalysis under heat-treatment.
Pd nanoparticles supported on carbon nanocoils (Pd/CNCs) show unexpectedly high photocatalytic activity for coupling reaction of aryl halides and alkenes (Heck reaction) at 40 °C. The energetic ...electrons in Pd nanoparticles, excited
via
interband transitions under visible light irradiation, can transfer to halogen atoms to facilitate the cleavage of carbon-halogen bonds in aryl halides, which requires rather high temperature in the thermal process. Then, the final products can be fast achieved by alkene insertion and β-hydrogen elimination processes.
This paper presents a carbon nanocoil supported Pd nanoparticle system (Pd/CNCs) as a photocatalyst for coupling reaction of aryl halides and alkenes (Heck reaction) at 40 °C.
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