Abstract
Loquat (
Eriobotrya japonica
) is a popular fruit and medicinal plant. Here, a high-quality draft genome of the
E. japonica
‘Big Five-pointed Star’ cultivar that covers ~98% (733.32 Mb) of ...the estimated genome size (749.25 Mb) and contains a total of 45,492 protein-coding genes is reported. Comparative genomic analysis suggests that the loquat genome has evolved a unique genetic mechanism of chromosome repair. Resequencing data from 52 loquat cultivars, including 16 white-fleshed and 36 yellow-fleshed variants, were analyzed, and the flower, leaf, and root metabolomes of ‘Big Five-pointed Star’ were determined using a UPLC-ESI-MS/M system. A genome-wide association study identified several candidate genes associated with flesh color in
E. japonica
, linking these phenotypes to sugar metabolism. A total of 577 metabolites, including 98 phenolic acids, 95 flavonoids, and 28 terpenoids, were found, and 191 metabolites, including 46 phenolic acids, 33 flavonoids, and 7 terpenoids, showed no differences in concentration among the leaves, roots, and flowers. Candidate genes related to the biosynthesis of various medicinal ingredients, such as phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids, and polysaccharides, were identified. Some of these genes were confirmed to be members of expanding gene families, suggesting that the high concentrations of beneficial metabolites in loquat may be associated with the number of biosynthetic genes in this plant. In summary, this study provides fundamental molecular insights into the nutritional and medical properties of
E. japonica
.
On June 24, 2017, a catastrophic landslide (Xinmo landslide) occurred on the left bank of Songping river in Diexi town, Sichuan Province, China. Based on field investigations, this paper tries to ...reveal the cause and mechanism of the initiation and development of the Xinmo landslide. Xinmo landslide is located in the so called “Minshan block.” This tectonic block is very active and generates many earthquakes. Among them, the 1933 Diexi Ms 7.5 earthquake which had an indispensable effect on the occurrence of the Xinmo landslide, whose distance to the recent Xinmo landslide is only 8.7 km. The 1933 earthquake triggered the collapse of the Qianxin gully, which damaged the rock mass forming the source of the Xinmo landslide and creating a free prominent ridge. The later 1976 Songpan Ms 7.2 earthquake and the 2008 Wenchuan Ms 8.0 earthquake further damaged the integrity of the rock mass in the source area of the 2017 Xinmo landslide. The Xinmo landslide developed on a typical bedding dip slope with metasandstone intercalated with a few thin bedded slate layers. The slate intercalation gives the slope a very low shear strength in the dip direction and the long term rainfall may have softened the slip zone and the locked section. These two aspects have promoted the occurrence of Xinmo landslide.
Earthquake-induced slope failure often results in a large loss of life and property, and thus, understanding how a slope responds to seismic shaking can reveal the mechanism and movement of this kind ...of phenomenon. After the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, a dense array of strong earthquake seismographs were deployed along the Lengzhuguan slope, Luding County, Sichuan Province, Southwest China, to study the seismic response of the slope. Three main shocks were recorded in 2014 and 2015, with epicenter distances between 34 km and 70 km. Observation data show that the ground motion was polarized in the direction perpendicular to the elongation direction of the ridge (near 50° azimuth from North), with an amplification coefficient >10 and a ground motion amplification frequency band between 1.5 and 2.5 Hz. The results of a series of numerical simulation experiments conducted using the finite difference method indicate that the observed seismic response characteristics of the Lengzhuguan slope can be reproduced only by a heterogeneous model containing a loose deposit layer with a thickness of 30 m. It was found that geological and topographic conditions resulted in complex slope seismic response characteristics that were coupled in both time and frequency, and the geological conditions dominated the seismic response of the slope. In terms of co-seismic landslide hazard, more attention should be given to subsurface lithology and rock mass structure.
•One array of strong earthquake seismographs was deployed along the Lengzhuguan slope and three main shocks were recorded.•Seismic response of the Lengzhuguan slope characterizes in east-north direction and frequency range 1.5–2.5 Hz.•Geological and topographic conditions lead to complex seismic response of the Lengzhuguan slope.•Loose deposits at the slope crest intensifies seismic response of the slope.
It is of great significance to identify the pest species accurately and control it effectively to reduce the loss of agricultural products. The research results of this project will provide ...theoretical basis for preventing and controlling the spread of pests and reducing the loss of agricultural products, and have important practical significance for improving the quality of agricultural products and increasing the output of agricultural products. At the same time, it provides a kind of effective prevention and control measures for farmers, so as to ensure the safety and health of crops. Because of the slow speed and high cost of manual identification, it is necessary to establish a set of automatic pest identification system. The traditional image-based insect classifier is mainly realized by machine vision technology, but because of its high complexity, the classification efficiency is low and it is difficult to meet the needs of applications. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a new automatic insect recognition system to improve the accuracy of insect classification. There are many species and forms of insects, and the field living environment is complex. The morphological similarity between species is high, which brings difficulties to the classification of insects. In recent years, with the rapid development of deep learning technology, using artificial neural network to classify pests is an important method to establish a fast and accurate classification model. In this work, we propose a novel convolutional neural network-based model (MSSN), which includes attention mechanism, feature pyramid, and fine-grained model. The model has good scalability, can better capture the semantic information in the image, and achieve more accurate classification. We evaluated our approach on a common data set: large-scale pest data set, PlantVillage benchmark data set, and evaluated model performance using a variety of evaluation indicators, namely, macro mean accuracy (MPre), macro mean recall rate (MRec), macro mean F1-score (MF1), Accuracy (Acc) and geometric mean (GM). Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has better performance and universality ability than the existing algorithm. For example, on the data set, the maximum accuracy we obtained was 86.35%, which exceeded the corresponding technical level. The ablation experiment was conducted on the experiment itself, and the comprehensive evaluation of the complete MSSN(scale 1+2+3) was the best in various performance indexes, demonstrating the feasibility of the innovative method in this paper.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Most routing protocols for delay tolerant networks resort to the sufficient state information, including trajectory and contact information, to ensure routing efficiency. However, state information ...tends to be dynamic and hard to obtain without a global and/or long-term collection process. In this paper, we use the internal social features of each node in the network to perform the routing process. In this way, feature-based routing converts a routing problem in a highly mobile and unstructured contact space to a static and structured feature space. This approach is motivated from several human contact networks, such as the Infocom 2006 trace and MIT reality mining data, where people contact each other more frequently if they have more social features in common. Our approach includes two unique processes: social feature extraction and multipath routing. In social feature extraction, we use entropy to extract the m most informative social features to create a feature space (F-space): (F 1 , F 2 ,..., F m ), where Fi corresponds to a feature. The routing method then becomes a hypercube-based feature matching process, where the routing process is a step-by-step feature difference resolving process. We offer two special multipath routing schemes: node-disjoint-based routing and delegation-based routing. Extensive simulations on both real and synthetic traces are conducted in comparison with several existing approaches, including spray-and-wait routing, spray-and-focus routing, and social-aware routing based on betweenness centrality and similarity. In addition, the effectiveness of multipath routing is evaluated and compared to that of single-path routing.
Molecular dimers have been frequently found to play an important role in room temperature phosphorescence (RTP), but its inherent working mechanism has remained unclear. Herein a series of unique ...characteristics, including singlet excimer emission and thermally activated delayed fluorescence, were successfully integrated into a new RTP luminogen of CS-2COOCH
3
to clearly reveal the excited-state process of RTP and the special role of molecular dimers in persistent RTP emission.
The first purely organic room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) luminogen, with singlet excimer emission and thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) effect, was successfully developed.
Blume (
), a traditional and precious Chinese medicinal material, has been approved as a functional food. However, understanding
's nutritional properties and its molecular basis remains limited. ...Here, metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses were performed on young and mature tubers of
(
and
) and
(
and
). A total of 345 metabolites were detected, including 76 different amino acids and their derivatives containing all human essential amino acids (e.g., l-(+)-lysine, l-leucine), 13 vitamins (e.g., nicotinamide, thiamine), and 34 alkaloids (e.g., spermine, choline).
has higher amino acid accumulation than
y,
and GEGy, and vitamin contents were also slightly different in all four samples. Implying that
, especially
, is a kind of excellent complementary food as amino acid nutrition provider. From assembled 21,513 transcripts (genes) based on the transcriptome, we identified many genes that encode enzymes (e.g., pfkA, bglX, tyrAa, lysA, his B, aroA), which are responsible for the biosynthesis of amino acids and enzymes (e.g., nadA, URH1, NAPRT1, punA, rsgA) that related to vitamins metabolism. A total of 16 pairs of the differentially expressed genes (DEG) and differentially accumulated metabolites (DAM) (e.g., gene-tia006709 coding GAPDH and l-(+)-arginine, and gene-tia010180 coding tyrA and l-(+)-arginine) and three DEG-DAM pairs (e.g., gene-tia015379 coding NadA and nicotinate d-ribonucleoside) show significant similar positive or negative correlation based on three, and two comparisons of
,
, GEEy
and
, which involved into amino acid biosynthesis, and nicotinate nicotinamide metabolism, respectively. These results prove that the enzyme coded by these DEG promotes (positive correlation) or inhibits (negative correlation) the biosynthesis of parallel DAM in
. Overall, the data and corresponding analysis in this study provide new insights into the nutritional properties of
related molecular basis.
Horizontal gene transfer is a rare and useful genetic mechanism in higher plants.
Blume (
) (Orchidaceae), well known as traditional medicinal material in East Asia, adopts a heterotrophic lifestyle, ...thus being considered to be more prone to horizontal gene transfer (HGT).
is a "polytypic species" that currently comprised of five recognized forms according to the plant morphology.
(
) and
(
) are two common forms that naturally grow in different habitats with difference in altitude and latitude.
(
) often occurs sporadically in cultivated populations of
and
. However, the genetic relationships and genetic mechanism underpinned the divergent ecological adaptations of
and
have not been revealed. Here, we assembled a chromosome-level draft genome of
with 1.04 Gb. Among predicted 17,895 protein coding genes, we identified three HGTs. Meanwhile, we resequenced 10
accessions, nine
accessions, and 10
accessions, and identified two independent genetic lineages:
_pedigree (
individuals and
individuals collected from
populations) and
_pedigree (
individuals and
individuals collected from
populations), which strongly support the taxonomic status of
and
as subspecies, not as different forms. In highly differentiated genomic regions of
_pedigree and
_pedigree, three chalcone synthase-encoding genes and one Phox/Bem1p (PB1) domain of encoding Auxin (AUX)/Indoleacetic acid (IAA) were identified in selection sweeping genome regions, which suggested that differentiation between
_pedigree and
_pedigree was promoted by the selection of genes related to photoresponse and growth and development. Overall, this new genome would be helpful for breeding and utilization of
and the new findings would deepen the understanding about ecological adaptation and evolution of
.
The Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake of May 12th, 2008 shattered and induced failures on hillslopes surrounding the centre of the town of Qiaozhuang, located 250 Km NE of the mainshock epicentre. This ...motivated investigations on the possible occurrence of site amplification phenomena. The initial efforts involved a temporary accelerometer monitoring carried out between April and October 2009 on Weigan hill and Mount Dong, located SW and NE of the Qiaozhuang centre, respectively. The monitoring results revealed that the local geological setting, characterised by Silurian phyllites with sub-vertical schistosity (at Weigan) and by fractured Precambrian limestones (at Dong), exert major influence on the slopes resonance phenomena, with a secondary contribution due to the topographic setting. To extend the investigation on local slope response, a series of ambient noise recordings were conducted at several sites of the two hills, as well as at Mount Shizi (located NW of the town centre), which is topographically and geologically similar to Mount Dong. The focus was on the sites monitored by accelerometer stations, whose seismic records provided the opportunity to validate the outcomes of ambient noise analysis. Noise data were analysed using two approaches: the standard Nakamura's method and a new technique based on analysis of instantaneous polarization properties, aimed at estimating ellipticity of Rayleigh waves. Data interpretation was hampered by a contingent factor, i.e. environmental conditions characterised by a strong persistent E-W polarized noise at low frequencies (below 1 Hz), and by the complex of geologic and geomorphic conditions. The latter, particularly in the case of Weigan hill, appear responsible for a considerable amplification of vertical ground motions. The repeated recordings and the comparison of the outcomes of the two techniques of noise analysis with the accelerometer data showed that the new technique provides more stable and consistent results. Furthermore, the new technique was able to reveal site resonance properties that Nakamura's method fails to recognise because of transient overlapping of different type waves. Overall, the ambient noise analysis provided evidence of i) low frequency resonance (~1 Hz) acting at the scale of the entire relief (on Weigan Hill), ii) directional amplifications at intermediate frequencies (~4 Hz) affecting ridge crests made of fractured limestone (on Mounts Dong and Shizi), and iii) higher frequency resonances (7–20 Hz), which vary at a very local scale. This information is relevant for inferring the susceptibility of local slopes to earthquake-induced failures, and hence for the collateral seismic hazard assessment in the Qiaozhuan peri-urban areas.
•Site amplification evidence on Qiaozhuang (China) slopes from noise analysis•More detailed and stable results by extracting Rayleigh waves from noise•Geological-structural factors recognised to control resonance properties.•Ridge crests made of fractured rocks show transversely directed amplification.•Vertical component amplifications hamper resonance identification
On 14 August 2021, a Mw 7.2 earthquake struck the Tiburon Peninsula, Haiti, with an epicenter at 18.434° N, 73.482° W and a focal depth of approximately 10 km. Combining multiple high-resolution ...satellite images and data of topographic, geological and seismological factors, this study evaluates the spatial and size distributions of the coseismic landslides triggered by this event and their corresponding controlling factors. The results show that the 2021 Mw 7.2 event, whose seismogenic fault is the Enriquillo–Plantain Garden Fault, triggered at least 8444 landslides over an area of ~2700 km2. The total area of those triggered landslides was 45.6 km2 and they were concentrated in the western section of the Tiburon Peninsula, especially within Pic Macaya National Park (6100 landslides occurred in or near this park, 72.2 % of the total), and 89.4 % of the landslides were distributed in the hanging wall area. High landslide concentrations (≥landslide frequency of 25/km2) are more prevalent in higher-elevation areas (≥1000 m). In areas at elevations ≥1000 m, more landslides are concentrated on the middle-lower mountain slopes; the landslide concentration is inversely proportional to the elevation and positively correlated with slope and local relief. The seismogenic fault area is typified by a high landslide concentration. Limestone is the dominant rock in the study area, as is the case for the 2010 earthquake, and rainfall has a positive relationship with the landslide concentration. For landslides whose areas ≥1000 m2, the total number and area of coseismic landslides from the 2021 event are both larger than those from the 2010 event.
•The 2021 Haiti earthquake triggered at least 8444 landslides covering a total area of 45.8 km2.•Landslides are concentrated in the hanging wall and areas of high-relief, most notably in Pic Macaya National Park.•In high elevation area, high landslide concentration is distributed in middle-low slopes.•Limestone is dominant rock, rainfall and PGA have positive relationship with concentration.•For landslide area ≥ 1000 m2, total number and area of landslides from 2021 event are larger.
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