In this update of Clark and Watson (1995), we provide a synopsis of major points of our earlier article and discuss issues in scale construction that have become more salient as clinical and ...personality assessment has progressed over the past quarter-century. It remains true that the primary goal of scale development is to create valid measures of underlying constructs and that Loevinger's theoretical scheme provides a powerful model for scale development. We still discuss practical issues to help developers maximize their measures' construct validity, reiterating the importance of (a) clear conceptualization of target constructs, (b) an overinclusive initial item pool, (c) paying careful attention to item wording, (d) testing the item pool against closely related constructs, (e) choosing validation samples thoughtfully, and (f) emphasizing unidimensionality over internal consistency. We have added (g) consideration of the hierarchical structures of personality and psychopathology in scale development, discussion of (h) codeveloping scales in the context of these structures, (i) "orphan," and "interstitial" constructs, which do not fit neatly within these structures, (j) problems with "conglomerate" constructs, and (k) developing alternative versions of measures, including short forms, translations, informant versions, and age-based adaptations. Finally, we have expanded our discussions of (l) item-response theory and of external validity, emphasizing (m) convergent and discriminant validity, (n) incremental validity, and (o) cross-method analyses, such as questionnaires and interviews. We conclude by reaffirming that all mature sciences are built on the bedrock of sound measurement and that psychology must redouble its efforts to develop reliable and valid measures.
Public Significance Statement
Over the past 50 years, our understanding has greatly increased regarding how various psychological problems are interrelated and how they relate to various aspects of personality. In this context, this article describes a "best practice" process and relevant specific issues for developing measures to assess personality and psychological problems.
Recent work has focused on explicating the relations among the current mood and anxiety disorders. This research has yielded some important findings (e.g., the very strong link between generalized ...anxiety disorder and the unipolar mood disorders). I discuss problems associated with disorder-based analyses, however, and I argue that they need to be supplemented by examining relations among the specific symptom dimensions within these diagnostic classes. I demonstrate that two quantitative elements need to be considered when analyzing the properties of symptoms-the level of specificity and the magnitude of the general distress variance. These quantitative elements can be used to organize relevant symptoms into four groups (i.e., a quadripartite model) that reflect varying combinations of distress and specificity. I illustrate the value of this approach by reviewing the properties of the major symptom dimensions within posttraumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and major depression.
High-throughput technologies such as next-generation sequencing allow biologists to observe cell function with unprecedented resolution, but the resulting datasets are too large and complicated for ...humans to understand without the aid of advanced statistical methods. Machine learning (ML) algorithms, which are designed to automatically find patterns in data, are well suited to this task. Yet these models are often so complex as to be opaque, leaving researchers with few clues about underlying mechanisms. Interpretable machine learning (iML) is a burgeoning subdiscipline of computational statistics devoted to making the predictions of ML models more intelligible to end users. This article is a gentle and critical introduction to iML, with an emphasis on genomic applications. I define relevant concepts, motivate leading methodologies, and provide a simple typology of existing approaches. I survey recent examples of iML in genomics, demonstrating how such techniques are increasingly integrated into research workflows. I argue that iML solutions are required to realize the promise of precision medicine. However, several open challenges remain. I examine the limitations of current state-of-the-art tools and propose a number of directions for future research. While the horizon for iML in genomics is wide and bright, continued progress requires close collaboration across disciplines.
The Engaged University Watson, David; Hollister, Robert; Stroud, Susan E. ...
2011, 20110715, 2011-07-15
eBook
The Engaged University is a comprehensive empirical account of the global civic engagement movement in higher education. In universities around the world, something extraordinary is underway. ...Mobilizing their human and intellectual resources, institutions of higher education are directly tackling community problems – combating poverty, improving public health, and restoring environmental quality. This book documents and analyzes this exciting trend through studies of civic engagement and social responsibility at twenty institutions worldwide.
This timely volume offers three special contributions to the literature on higher education policy and practice: a historical overview of the founding purposes of universities, which almost invariably included a context-specific element of social purpose, together with a survey of how these "founding" intentions have fared in different systems of higher education; a contemporary account of the policy and practice of universities – all over the world – seeking to re-engage with this social purpose; and an overview of generic issues which emerge for the "engaged university."
David Watson is Principal of Green Templeton College, Oxford.
Robert M. Hollister is Dean, and Pierre and Pamela Omidyar Professor of Citizenship and Public Service in the Jonathan M. Tisch College of Citizenship and Public Service at Tufts University.
Susan E. Stroud is Executive Director, Innovations in Civic Participation.
Elizabeth Babcock is Talloires Network Coordinator, Innovations in Civic Participation.
Series Editors' Introduction
Preface
Talloires Declaration on the Civic Roles and Social Responsibilities of Higher Education
Introduction and Acknowledgements
I. University-Community Relationships: The long view
1. Historical and Geographical Perspectives
2. Types of Capital and Citizenship
3. Contemporary Drivers
II. The Engaged University
4. The project
5. The profiles
5.1 Australia and its Higher Education System
5.1.1 Two-way learning: Profile of Charles Darwin University
5.1.2 Sharing knowledge: Profile of the University of Melbourne
5.1.3 A University without Walls: Profile of the University of Western Sydney
5.2 India and its Higher Education System
5.2.1 An Enlightened Woman is a Source of Infinite Strength: Profile of Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey (SNDT) Women’s University, Mumbai
5.3 Israel and its Higher Education System
5.3.1 "Institution-wide commitment to social responsibility": Profile of the University of Haifa
5.4 The Occupied Palestinian Territories and their Higher Education System
5.4.1 "Education and Service for Political Change and Development" Profile of Al-Quds University
5.5 Malaysia and its Higher Education System
5.5.1 Community Partnerships to Address National Priorities: Profile of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
5.6 Mexico and its Higher Education System
5.6.1 Cultivating ethics and citizenship: Profile of Tecnológico de Monterrey
5.7 Pakistan and its Higher Education System
5.7.1 A Unique University with a Mandate for Social Development: Profile of Aga Khan University
5.8 Peru and its Higher Education System
5.8.1 A regional leader for human and economic development: Profile of the Universidad Señor de Sipán (USS)
5.9 The Philippines and its Higher Education System
5.9.1 Volunteer Service to the Poor: Profile of Notre Dame of Marbel University
5.10 South Africa and its Higher Education System
5.10.1 Community Partnerships for Development and the Appropriation of New Knowledge: Cape Peninsula University of Technology
5.11 Sudan and its Higher Education System
5.11.1 Empowering Women as Agents of Change through Education: Ahfad University for Women
5.12 Tanzania and its Higher Education System
5.12.1 Knowledge for Development: University of Dar es Salaam
5.13 Ukraine and its Higher Education System
5.13.1 Building Civil Society: Profile of Petro Mohyla Black Sea State University
5.14 The United Kingdom and its Higher Education System
5.14.1 Open access for social justice: Profile of the Open University
5.14.2 Reinventing liberal higher education: Profile of the University of Winchester
5.15 The United States of America and its Higher Education System
5.15.1 Knowledge to Serve the City: Profile of Portland State University
5.15.2 Social justice education and research and service: Profile of Georgetown University
5.16 Venezuela and its Higher Education System
5.16.1 From education for national development to community solidarity: Universidad Metropolitana en Caracas (UNIMET)
6. Findings: Common patterns and influences
III. An Engaged University Movement
7. Networks: A unifying force
8. The world upside-side down: university engagement from the South to the North
9. Implications for policy and practice
Appendix 1. Institutional questionnaire
Appendix 2. Field research questions
Acronyms
References
Notes on Contributors
Index
As machine learning has gradually entered into ever more sectors of public and private life, there has been a growing demand for algorithmic explainability. How can we make the predictions of complex ...statistical models more intelligible to end users? A subdiscipline of computer science known as interpretable machine learning (IML) has emerged to address this urgent question. Numerous influential methods have been proposed, from local linear approximations to rule lists and counterfactuals. In this article, I highlight three conceptual challenges that are largely overlooked by authors in this area. I argue that the vast majority of IML algorithms are plagued by (1) ambiguity with respect to their true target; (2) a disregard for error rates and severe testing; and (3) an emphasis on product over process. Each point is developed at length, drawing on relevant debates in epistemology and philosophy of science. Examples and counterexamples from IML are considered, demonstrating how failure to acknowledge these problems can result in counterintuitive and potentially misleading explanations. Without greater care for the conceptual foundations of IML, future work in this area is doomed to repeat the same mistakes.
We introduce a new approach—acoustic restoration—focusing on the applied utility of soundscapes for restoration, recognising the rich ecological and social values they encapsulate. Broadcasting ...soundscapes in disturbed areas can accelerate recolonisation of animals and the microbes and propagules they carry; long duration recordings are also ideal sources of data for benchmarking restoration initiatives and evocative engagement tools.
We introduce a new approach—acoustic restoration—focusing on the applied utility of soundscapes for restoration, recognising the rich ecological and social values they encapsulate. Broadcasting soundscapes in disturbed areas can accelerate recolonisation of animals and the microbes and propagules they carry; long duration recordings are also ideal sources of data for benchmarking restoration initiatives and evocative engagement tools.
The growth habit of mistletoes, the only woody, parasitic plants to infect host canopies, represents a key innovation. How this aerially parasitic habit originated is unknown; mistletoe macrofossils ...are relatively recent, from long after they adapted to canopy life and evolved showy, bird-pollinated flowers; sticky, bird-dispersed seeds; and woody haustoria diverting water and nutrients from host branches. Since the transition to aerial parasitism predates the origin of mistletoes’ contemporary avian seed dispersers by 20–40 million years, this leaves unanswered the question of who the original mistletoe dispersers were. By integrating fully resolved phylogenies of mistletoes and aligning the timing of historic events, I identify two ancient mammals as likely candidates for planting Viscaceae and Loranthaceae in the canopy. Just as modern mouse lemurs and galagos disperse viscaceous mistletoe externally (grooming the sticky seeds from their fur), Cretaceous primates (e.g., Purgatorius) may have transported seeds of root-parasitic understory shrubs up into the canopy of Laurasian forests. In the Eocene, ancestors of today’s mistletoe-dispersing marsupials, Dromiciops, likely fed on the nutritious fruit of root-parasitic loranthaceous shrubs, depositing the seeds atop western Gondwanan forest crowns. Once mistletoes colonized the canopy, subsequent evolution and diversification coincided with the rise of nectar- and fruit-dependent birds.
Bifunctional molecules can be used to tether quantum dots to nanostructured and planar semiconductor and metal surfaces. Excited-state interfacial electron-transfer reactions at QD−molecule−substrate ...interfaces are of interest from a fundamental standpoint and may have applications in solar energy conversion and charge-transfer-based sensing. This Perspective highlights recent work and unanswered questions in two related areas, the linker-assisted assembly of QD−substrate architectures and the spectroscopic characterization of electron transfer at QD−molecule−substrate interfaces.
Community supported agriculture schemes are a prominent example of localized alternatives to the global food system. They are presented as alternative nodes of food production, where the consumer ...experiences a much closer relationship to the produce they are consuming and to the labour involved in producing it. They lift the commodity veil by inviting the consumer into the world of production – of labour. However, there has been little analysis of labour undertaken in the setting of community supported agriculture, particularly the labour of community supported agriculture consumers, or members. Marxian analysis of the food system at the macro level has underpinned powerful critiques of its shortcomings and highlighted inequalities of land and labour, but has rarely been employed to understand the possibilities of alternative food networks at a more micro level. In this article, I draw on Marx’s concept of alienation to explore the experience and organization of labour within a community supported agriculture scheme in the United Kingdom. In doing so, I present a case study of how labour in a community supported agriculture scheme counteracts experiences of alienation created by capitalism and consider how this might inform (re)organization of labour in the food system, more generally.
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