The Antarctic Circumpolar Current is an important component of the global climate system connecting the major ocean basins as it flows eastward around Antarctica, yet due to the paucity of data, it ...remains unclear how much water is transported by the current. Between 2007 and 2011 flow through Drake Passage was continuously monitored with a line of moored instrumentation with unprecedented horizontal and temporal resolution. Annual mean near‐bottom currents are remarkably stable from year to year. The mean depth‐independent or barotropic transport, determined from the near‐bottom current meter records, was 45.6 sverdrup (Sv) with an uncertainty of 8.9 Sv. Summing the mean barotropic transport with the mean baroclinic transport relative to zero at the seafloor of 127.7 Sv gives a total transport through Drake Passage of 173.3 Sv. This new measurement is 30% larger than the canonical value often used as the benchmark for global circulation and climate models.
Key Points
A moored array measured bottom currents across Drake Passage with unprecedented resolution
The mean barotropic Antarctic Circumpolar transport is 45.6 Sv ± 8.9 Sv
The ACC transport of 173.3 Sv is 30% larger than the canonical value of 134 Sv
Abstract Objective The objective of this project, which was initiated from the Academy of Dental Materials, was to review and critically appraise methods to determine fracture, deformation and wear ...resistance of dental resin composites, in an attempt to provide guidance for investigators endeavoring to study these properties for these materials. Methods Test methods have been ranked in the priority of the specific property being tested, as well as of the specific test methods for evaluating that property. Focus was placed on the tests that are considered to be of the highest priority in terms of being the most useful, applicable, supported by the literature, and which show a correlation with clinical findings. Others are mentioned briefly for the purpose of being inclusive. When a standard test method exists, including those used in other fields, these have been identified in the beginning of each section. Also, some examples from the resin composite literature are included for each test method. Results The properties for evaluating resin composites were ranked in the priority of measurement as following: (1) Strength, Elastic Modulus, Fracture toughness, Fatigue, Indentation Hardness, Wear—abrasion (third body) and Wear—attrition (contact/two body), (2) Toughness, Edge strength (chipping) and (3) Wear determined by toothbrush. Significance The following guidance is meant to aid the researcher in choosing the proper method to assess key properties of dental resin composites with regard to their fracture, deformation and wear resistance.
Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS) is a painful, chronic inflammatory skin disease. Global estimates of prevalence vary between 0.03% and 4% of the population. Our main aim was to determine HS prevalence ...in the Australian adult population focussing on the demographics, management pathways and diagnosis rate of individuals living with HS.
In this population-based cross-sectional study, 17,050 individuals representative of the Australian adult population were asked through face-to-face household interviews to answer a previously validated HS screening questionnaire with high diagnostic power. Individuals who screened positive were asked additional questions, including previous diagnosis of HS and number/type of physicians consulted regarding their condition.
11,433 Australian residents answered the HS questionnaire, 88 screening positive for HS (0.77%; 95% CI 0.62-0.95). Considering the previously reported sensitivity (0.97) and positive predictive value (0.85) of the screening questionnaire, HS prevalence was estimated to be 0.67% (95% CI 0.53%-0.84%). 6 of 88 suspected HS individuals reported a pre-existing HS diagnosis (6.8%; 95% CI 3.2%-14.1%). 25.6% of the undiagnosed individuals suspected of having HS had not seen any clinicians regarding their boils; the remaining ones had consulted General Practitioners (96.7%), and clinicians from different specialties. Comparisons of individuals who screened positive for HS versus those who screened negative demonstrated statistically significant differences in gender (p = 0.0046), age (p<0.0001), BMI (p = 0.0307), smoking status (p<0.0001), employment status (p<0.0001) and income (p = 0.0321).
The prevalence of HS in Australia was estimated to be 0.67% (95% CI 0.53%-0.84%). The diagnosis rate amongst the suspected HS cases was low, which appeared to be due to a combination of patients not seeking help and decentralization of care. Individuals suspected of having HS were more likely to be females, young, obese, smokers, unemployed or at home duties and having lower annual personal income in comparison with individuals not suspected of having HS.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
ABSTRACT We examine the internal consistency of the Planck 2015 cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature anisotropy power spectrum. We show that tension exists between cosmological constant cold ...dark matter ( ) model parameters inferred from multipoles (roughly those accessible to Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe), and from , particularly the CDM density, , which is discrepant at for a Planck -motivated prior on the optical depth, . We find some parameter tensions to be larger than previously reported because of inaccuracy in the code used by the Planck Collaboration to generate model spectra. The Planck constraints are also in tension with low-redshift data sets, including Planck 's own measurement of the CMB lensing power spectrum ( ), and the most precise baryon acoustic oscillation scale determination ( ). The Hubble constant predicted by Planck from , km s Mpc−1, disagrees with the most precise local distance ladder measurement of km s Mpc−1 at the level, while the Planck value from , km s Mpc−1, is consistent within . A discrepancy between the Planck and South Pole Telescope high-multipole CMB spectra disfavors interpreting these tensions as evidence for new physics. We conclude that the parameters from the Planck high-multipole spectrum probably differ from the underlying values due to either an unlikely statistical fluctuation or unaccounted-for systematics persisting in the Planck data.
This article reviews recent research into alternative systems of food provision. It considers, first, what the concept of`alternativeness' might mean, based on recent discussions in economic ...geography. Informed by this, it discusses food relocalization and the turn to `quality' food production, arguing that both are `weaker' alternative systems of food provision because of their emphasis on food. It then examines some `stronger' alternative systems of food provision, which emphasize the networks through which food passes. Lastly, the paper reflects on the concept of alternativeness in the context of food supply chains, and suggests some possible directions for future research.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
CEKLJ, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, ODKLJ, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Abstract Objectives To determine the post-cure depth of cure of bulk fill resin composites through using Vickers hardness profiles (VHN). Methods Five bulk fill composite materials were examined: ...Tetric EvoCeram® Bulk Fill, X-tra base, Venus® Bulk Fill, Filtek™ Bulk Fill, SonicFill™. Three specimens of each material type were prepared in stainless steel molds which contained a slot of dimensions (15 mm × 4 mm × 2 mm), and a top plate. The molds were irradiated from one end. All specimens were stored at 37 °C for 24 h, before measurement. The Vickers hardness was measured as a function of depth of material, at 0.3 mm intervals. Data were analysed by one-way ANOVA using Tukey post hoc tests ( α = 0.05). Results The maximum VHN ranged from 37.8 to 77.4, whilst the VHN at 80% of max.VHN ranged from 30.4 to 61.9. The depth corresponding to 80% of max.VHN, ranged from 4.14 to 5.03 mm. One-way ANOVA showed statistically significant differences between materials for all parameters tested. SonicFill exhibited the highest VHN ( p < 0.001) while Venus Bulk Fill the lowest ( p ≤ 0.001). SonicFill and Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill had the greatest depth of cure (5.03 and 4.47 mm, respectively) and was significant's different from X-tra base, Venus Bulk Fill and Filtek Bulk Fill ( p ≤ 0.016). Linear regression confirmed a positive regression between max.VHN and filler loading ( r2 = 0.94). Significance Bulk fill resin composites can be cured to an acceptable post-cure depth, according to the manufacturers’ claims. SonicFill and Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill had the greatest depth of cure among the composites examined.
We examine the impact of baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) scale measurements on the discrepancy between the value of the Hubble constant (H0) inferred from the local distance ladder and that from ...Planck cosmic microwave background (CMB) data. While the BAO data alone cannot constrain H0, we show that combining the latest BAO results with WMAP, Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT), or South Pole Telescope (SPT) CMB data produces values of H0 that are lower than the distance ladder, independent of Planck, and that this downward pull was less apparent in some earlier analyses that used only angle-averaged BAO scale constraints rather than full anisotropic information. At the same time, the combination of BAO and CMB data also disfavors the lower values of H0 preferred by the Planck high-multipole temperature power spectrum. Combining galaxy and Ly forest BAO with a precise estimate of the primordial deuterium abundance produces km s−1 Mpc−1 for the flat model. This value is completely independent of CMB anisotropy constraints and is lower than the latest distance ladder constraint, although tension also exists between the galaxy BAO and Ly BAO. These results show that it is not possible to explain the H0 disagreement solely with a systematic error specific to the Planck data. The fact that tensions remain even after the removal of any single data set makes this intriguing puzzle all the more challenging to resolve.
Amphetamines modify the brain and alter behavior through mechanisms generally attributed to their ability to regulate extracellular dopamine concentrations. However, the actions of amphetamine are ...also linked to adaptations in glutamatergic signaling. We report here that when amphetamine enters dopamine neurons through the dopamine transporter, it stimulates endocytosis of an excitatory amino acid transporter, EAAT3, in dopamine neurons. Consistent with this decrease in surface EAAT3, amphetamine potentiates excitatory synaptic responses in dopamine neurons. We also show that the process of internalization is dynamin- and Rho-mediated and requires a unique sequence in the cytosolic C terminus of EAAT3. Introduction of a peptide based on this motif into dopamine neurons blocks the effects of amphetamine on EAAT3 internalization and its action on excitatory responses. These data indicate that the internalization of EAAT3 triggered by amphetamine increases glutamatergic signaling and thus contributes to the effects of amphetamine on neurotransmission.
•AMPH stimulates dynamin-mediated internalization of the glutamate transporter EAAT3•EAAT3 endocytosis requires AMPH transport into cells by DAT and Rho GTPase activation•A unique sequence on the C terminus of EAAT3 is required for internalization•Glutamatergic synaptic activity is enhanced by AMPH-mediated EAAT3 internalization
Underhill et al. elucidate a mechanism of amphetamine regulation of dopamine/glutamate interactions. Amphetamine induces internalization of the neuronal glutamate transporter EAAT3 via RhoA-dependent signaling that leads to potentiation of excitatory neurotransmission in midbrain dopamine neurons.
This paper studies intersectional multiplicity by encompassing the ways individuals shape relationships between social structures and their science identity. We discuss the science lives of two ...sixteen-year-old British South-Asian Muslim women studying in a single-sex independent school in London, both of whom aspire to science careers. Adapting McCall's 'intracategorical complexity' in favouring a case study approach, we present the multiplicity of our participants' relationships with exclusion and inequality, discrimination and privilege within their lived social settings, and how these relationships shape their identities and ambitions to become scientists. Our findings reveal that despite their similarities in their societally ascribed intersectional makeup, Ayesha and Hanya differ in viewing their intersections as challenges and/or opportunities. They both portray agentic control towards 'going against the grain' as future women scientists by negotiating their intersections as they develop their science identity.
Despite many decades of study the physical origin of 'dark matter' (DM) in the Universe remains elusive. In this letter we calculate the properties of a completely new DM candidate-Bose-Einstein ...condensates formed from a recently discovered bosonic particle in the light-quark sector, the d * ( 2380 ) hexaquark. In this first study, we show stable d ∗ ( 2380 ) Bose-Einstein condensates could form in the primordial early universe, with a production rate sufficiently large that they are a plausible new candidate for DM. Some possible astronomical signatures of such DM are also presented.
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