Due to an almost complete absence of fossil record, the evolutionary history of chimpanzees has only been studied recently on the basis of genetic data. Although the general topology of the ...chimpanzee phylogeny is well established, uncertainties remain concerning the size of current and past populations, the occurrence of bottlenecks or population expansions, or about divergence times and migrations rates between subspecies. Here, we present a novel attempt at globally inferring the detailed evolution of the Pan genus based on approximate Bayesian computation, an approach preferentially applied to complex models where the likelihood cannot be computed analytically. Based on two microsatellite and DNA sequence data sets and adjusting simulated data for local levels of inbreeding and patterns of missing data, we find support for several new features of chimpanzee evolution as compared with previous studies based on smaller data sets and simpler evolutionary models. We find that the central chimpanzees are certainly the oldest population of all P. troglodytes subspecies and that the other two P. t. subspecies diverged from the central chimpanzees by founder events. We also find an older divergence time (1.6 million years My) between common chimpanzee and Bonobos than previous studies (0.9-1.3 My), but this divergence appears to have been very progressive with the maintenance of relatively high levels of gene flow between the ancestral chimpanzee population and the Bonobos. Finally, we could also confirm the existence of strong unidirectional gene flow from the western into the central chimpanzee. These results show that interesting and innovative features of chimpanzee history emerge when considering their whole evolutionary history in a single analysis, rather than relying on simpler models involving several comparisons of pairs of populations.
Twenty-four palaeogenomes from Mokrin, a major Early Bronze Age necropolis in southeastern Europe, were sequenced to analyse kinship between individuals and to better understand prehistoric social ...organization. 15 investigated individuals were involved in genetic relationships of varying degrees. The Mokrin sample resembles a genetically unstructured population, suggesting that the community's social hierarchies were not accompanied by strict marriage barriers. We find evidence for female exogamy but no indications for strict patrilocality. Individual status differences at Mokrin, as indicated by grave goods, support the inference that females could inherit status, but could not transmit status to all their sons. We further show that sons had the possibility to acquire status during their lifetimes, but not necessarily to inherit it. Taken together, these findings suggest that Southeastern Europe in the Early Bronze Age had a significantly different family and social structure than Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age societies of Central Europe.
Inferring past demography is a central question in evolutionary and conservation biology. It is, however, sometimes challenging to infer the processes that shaped the current patterns of genetic ...variation in endangered species. Population substructuring can occur as a result of survival in several isolated refugia and subsequent recolonization processes or via genetic drift following a population decline. The kea (Nestor notabilis) is an endemic parrot widely distributed in the mountains of the South Island of New Zealand that has gone through a major human‐induced population decline during the 1860s–1970s. The aims of this study were to understand the glacial and postglacial history of kea and to determine whether the recent population decline played a role in the shaping of the current genetic variation. We examined the distribution of genetic variation, differentiation and admixture in kea using 17 microsatellites and the mitochondrial control region. Mitochondrial data showed a shallow phylogeny and a genetic distinction between the North and South of the range consistent with the three genetic clusters identified with microsatellite data. Both marker types indicated an increase in genetic isolation by geographic distance. Approximate Bayesian Computation supported a scenario of postglacial divergence from a single ancestral glacial refugium, suggesting that the contemporary genetic structure has resulted from recolonization processes rather than from a recent population decline. The recent evolutionary origin of this genetic structure suggests that each genetic cluster does not need to be considered as independent conservation units.
Summary
Several studies have found strikingly different allele frequencies between continents. This has been mainly interpreted as being due to local adaptation. However, demographic factors can ...generate similar patterns. Namely, allelic surfing during a population range expansion may increase the frequency of alleles in newly colonised areas. In this study, we examined 772 STRs, 210 diallelic indels, and 2834 SNPs typed in 53 human populations worldwide under the HGDP‐CEPH Diversity Panel to determine to which extent allele frequency differs among four regions (Africa, Eurasia, East Asia, and America). We find that large allele frequency differences between continents are surprisingly common, and that Africa and America show the largest number of loci with extreme frequency differences. Moreover, more STR alleles have increased rather than decreased in frequency outside Africa, as expected under allelic surfing. Finally, there is no relationship between the extent of allele frequency differences and proximity to genes, as would be expected under selection. We therefore conclude that most of the observed large allele frequency differences between continents result from demography rather than from positive selection.
Although there is agreement in that the Bering Strait was the entry point for the initial colonization of the American continent, there is considerable uncertainty regarding the timing and pattern of ...human migration from Asia to America. In order to perform a statistical assessment of the relative probability of alternative migration scenarios and to estimate key demographic parameters associated with them, we used an approximate Bayesian computation framework to analyze a data set of 401 autosomal microsatellite loci typed in 29 native American populations. A major finding is that a single, discrete, wave of colonization is highly inconsistent with observed levels of genetic diversity. A scenario with two discrete migration waves is also not supported by the data. The current genetic diversity of Amerindian populations is best explained by a third model involving recurrent gene flow between Asia and America, after initial colonization. We estimate that this colonization involved about 100 individuals and occurred some 13,000 years ago, in agreement with well-established archeological data.
The observation that overt type I diabetes is often preceded by the appearance of insulin autoantibodies and the reports that prophylactic administration of insulin to biobreeding diabetes-prone ...(BB-DP) rats, nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, and human subjects results in protection from diabetes suggest that an immune response to insulin is involved in the process of beta cell destruction. We have recently reported that islet-infiltrating cells isolated from NOD mice are enriched for insulin-specific T cells, that insulin-specific T cell clones are capable of adoptive transfer of diabetes, and that epitopes present on residues 9-23 of the B chain appear to be dominant in this spontaneous response. In the experiments described in this report, the epitope specificity of 312 independently isolated insulin-specific T cell clones was determined and B-(9-23) was found to be dominant, with 93% of the clones exhibiting specificity toward this peptide and the remainder to an epitope on residues 7-21 of the A chain. On the basis of these observations, the effect of either subcutaneous or intranasal administration of B-(9-23) on the incidence of diabetes in NOD mice was determined. The results presented here indicate that both subcutaneous and intranasal administration of B-(9-23) resulted in a marked delay in the onset and a decrease in the incidence of diabetes relative to mice given the control peptide, tetanus toxin-(830-843). This protective effect is associated with reduced T-cell proliferative response to B-(9-23) in B-(9-23)-treated mice.
Numerous investigation have demonstrated that T cells are involved in destruction of beta cells in the NOD mouse, a widely studied model of type I diabetes. In this report we describe a series of ...islet-specific T cell lines established from islet-infiltrating lymphocytes obtained from individual pre-diabetic NOD mice as well as a large panel of clones derived from these lines. Proliferation assays indicated that these nominally islet-specific lines responded vigorously to porcine insulin. Furthermore, of 40 islet-specific clones derived from lines established from 12-week-old mice, 22 (55%) responded to insulin. A similar analysis of islet-specific clones established from 7-week-old mice indicated that 2 of 14 (14%) were insulin specific. These findings demonstrate that insulin-specific T cells can comprise a major portion of the spontaneously arising T cell response to islets in NOD mice.
Summary
The olive (Olea europaea L. subsp. europaea) is one of the oldest and most socio‐economically important cultivated perennial crop in the Mediterranean region. Yet, its origins are still under ...debate and the genetic bases of the phenotypic changes associated with its domestication are unknown. We generated RNA‐sequencing data for 68 wild and cultivated olive trees to study the genetic diversity and structure both at the transcription and sequence levels. To localize putative genes or expression pathways targeted by artificial selection during domestication, we employed a two‐step approach in which we identified differentially expressed genes and screened the transcriptome for signatures of selection. Our analyses support a major domestication event in the eastern part of the Mediterranean basin followed by dispersion towards the West and subsequent admixture with western wild olives. While we found large changes in gene expression when comparing cultivated and wild olives, we found no major signature of selection on coding variants and weak signals primarily affected transcription factors. Our results indicated that the domestication of olives resulted in only moderate genomic consequences and that the domestication syndrome is mainly related to changes in gene expression, consistent with its evolutionary history and life history traits.
Significance Statement
We revisited the evolutionary history of the iconic olive tree by reconstructing a model of domestication and inferring the genomic changes associated with its cultivation. Although more challenging than studying annual crops, further studies of the genomic of the domestication process in perennial should broaden our understanding of the genomic bases and dynamics of adaptation.
The genetic architectures of common, complex diseases are largely uncharacterized. We modeled the genetic architecture underlying genome-wide association study (GWAS) data for rheumatoid arthritis ...and developed a new method using polygenic risk-score analyses to infer the total liability-scale variance explained by associated GWAS SNPs. Using this method, we estimated that, together, thousands of SNPs from rheumatoid arthritis GWAS explain an additional 20% of disease risk (excluding known associated loci). We further tested this method on datasets for three additional diseases and obtained comparable estimates for celiac disease (43% excluding the major histocompatibility complex), myocardial infarction and coronary artery disease (48%) and type 2 diabetes (49%). Our results are consistent with simulated genetic models in which hundreds of associated loci harbor common causal variants and a smaller number of loci harbor multiple rare causal variants. These analyses suggest that GWAS will continue to be highly productive for the discovery of additional susceptibility loci for common diseases.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
For many crops, wild relatives constitute an extraordinary resource for cultivar improvement 1, 2 and also help to better understand the history of their domestication 3. However, the wild ancestor ...species of several perennial crops have not yet been identified. Perennial crops generally present a weak domestication syndrome allowing cultivated individuals to establish feral populations difficult to distinguish from truly wild populations, and there is frequently ongoing gene flow between wild relatives and the crop that might erode most genetic differences 4. Here we report the discovery of populations of the wild ancestor species of the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.), one of the oldest and most important cultivated fruit plants in hot and arid regions of the Old World. We discovered these wild individuals in remote and isolated mountainous locations of Oman. They are genetically more diverse than and distinct from a representative sample of Middle Eastern cultivated date palms and exhibit rounded seed shapes resembling those of a close sister species and archeological samples, but not modern cultivars. Whole-genome sequencing of several wild and cultivated individuals revealed a complex domestication history involving the contribution of at least two wild sources to African cultivated date palms. The discovery of wild date palms offers a unique chance to further elucidate the history of this iconic crop that has constituted the cornerstone of traditional oasis polyculture systems for several thousand years 5.
•We discovered wild populations of the date palm Phoenix dactylifera in remote Oman•Wild date palms differ from modern cultivars both morphologically and genetically•The domestication of date palms involved sources from the Middle East and Africa
Gros-Balthazard et al. report the discovery of wild date palms, the ancestral species of one of the oldest cultivated fruit trees and the cornerstone of the oasis agricultural system for thousands of years. Comparing the genomes of wild and modern date palms reveals a secondary domestication event in Africa, but only weak artificial selection.
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