Li, D.-W.; Chen, J.-F.; Wang, K.; Li, H.-L.; Gao, S.-Q.; Jin, H.-Y.; Xu, J.; Huang, D.-J., and Weng, H.-X., 2016. Contribution of outer-shelf deep water to the nutrient inventories in the euphotic ...zone of the Changjiang River plume during summer. The nutrient supply to the euphotic zone of high-productivity areas in the Changjiang Estuary is crucial to understanding ecological processes. Previous studies suggested that Changjiang Diluted Water (CDW) and Outer-Shelf Deep Water (ODW) are the two main sources for nutrient supply, while a quantitative estimate of each nutrient species to the euphotic zone remains unknown. Based on a field survey and an end-member mixing model, the nutrient inventories of ODW and its contribution to the model-predicted nutrient inventory in the euphotic zone of the Changjiang River plume–impacted area were assessed. Upwelling of ODW was identified, indicating that it significantly contributed to nutrient inventories in the upper layer. The nutrient inventory estimate suggested that the area-integrated nutrient inventories of ODW were higher than those of CDW in the euphotic zone of the plume-impacted area. As inferred from the mixing model, the contributions of ODW to the dissolved inorganic nitrogen (contains nitrate, nitrite, and ammonia)and silicate inventories in the euphotic zone were 18.2% and 28.1%, respectively, much lower than those of CDW. However, 37.6% and 39.1% of the phosphate inventory were from ODW and CDW, respectively, indicating that ODW phosphate contribution was comparable with that of CDW in the euphotic zone.
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Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NMLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The monitoring of deferasirox (DEF) has important clinical roles in patients who need iron excretion. However, analytical methods with practicability and simplicity are limited. Moreover, ratiometric ...fluorescence strategies based on Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) from carbon dots (CDs) as a donor are rarely reported as a drug monitor. In this work, CDs with an appropriate emitting wavelength at 480 nm and excitation around 370 nm were prepared by hydrothermal approach and HCl post-treatment. O-Phenylenediamine (OPD) can be oxidized by Cu2+ to produce yellow fluorescent 2,3-diaminophenazine (oxOPD) in the system of Cu2+ and OPD (Cu–OPD). Correspondingly, a remarkable FRET from CDs to oxOPD in the system of CDs, Cu2+ and OPD (CDs–Cu–OPD) was fabricated with the quenching illustration of CDs, but emitting property of oxOPD. Attributed to the chelation ability of DEF on Cu2+, the inhibitory effects of DEF on the Cu2+-triggered oxidative capability reduced the FRET system by the decreased oxOPD. Thus, the recovered CDs at F480 and decreased oxOPD at F560 were found through a ratiometric mode by the addition of DEF in CDs–Cu–OPD for the DEF assay. The FRET behavior of CDs and oxOPD in CDs–Cu–OPD was proved clearly through the calculation of the association constant, binding constant, number of binding sites, and the distance between the donor and acceptor. Furthermore, this ratiometric method exhibited promising analytical performance for DEF with the application in real samples. The implementation of this work expands the application field of CDs and OPD oxidation in drug monitoring, and even other biological analyses through ratiometric strategy.
Chirality-the geometric property of objects that do not coincide with their mirror image-is found in nature, for example, in molecules, crystals, galaxies and life forms. In quantum field theory, the ...chirality of a massless particle is defined by whether the directions of its spin and motion are parallel or antiparallel. Although massless chiral fermions-Weyl fermions-were predicted 90 years ago, their existence as fundamental particles has not been experimentally confirmed. However, their analogues have been observed as quasiparticles in condensed matter systems. In addition to Weyl fermions
, theorists have proposed a number of unconventional (that is, beyond the standard model) chiral fermions in condensed matter systems
, but direct experimental evidence of their existence is still lacking. Here, by using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, we reveal two types of unconventional chiral fermion-spin-1 and charge-2 fermions-at the band-crossing points near the Fermi level in CoSi. The projections of these chiral fermions on the (001) surface are connected by giant Fermi arcs traversing the entire surface Brillouin zone. These chiral fermions are enforced at the centre or corner of the bulk Brillouin zone by the crystal symmetries, making CoSi a system with only one pair of chiral nodes with large separation in momentum space and extremely long surface Fermi arcs, in sharp contrast to Weyl semimetals, which have multiple pairs of Weyl nodes with small separation. Our results confirm the existence of unconventional chiral fermions and provide a platform for exploring the physical properties associated with chiral fermions.
•Size of fat globules increased while its ζ-potential decreased.•GPL and Cho of fat globule membrane decreased while SM increased.•Cer is potential marker during thermal treatment of lipid ...rafts.•Sphingomyelins and ceramides increased in rafts while sterol lipids decreased.•Acyl chain unsaturation manifests decreased during thermal treatment.
This study aimed to investigate changes of fat globules and their membranes, and further analyze evolution of lipid profile of lipid rafts in membranes during heat processing of cow milk. Size of fat globules increased from 3.16 μm to 3.70 μm and ζ-potential decreased from −0.53 mV to −0.38 mV after thermal treatment, suggesting that fat globule membrane was destroyed and fat globule occurred coalescence. Glycerophospholipids and cholesterol in fat globule membrane decreased while sphingomyelin increased after thermal treatment. Results of lipidomics show that total of 38 species of 5 lipids molecule showed ability to differentiate the samples. At high temperatures, highly unsaturated glycerophospholipids and sterol lipids were lost from rafts, meanwhile, sphingomyelin and ceramide increased in this region. Significant change of lipid profile in the raft region during thermal treatment suggested a potential relationship between lipid rafts and fat globule coalescence behavior.
The high sensitivity of photodetector in the UV range based on the composite consisting of a single SnO(2) nanowire and NiO nanoparticles has been demonstrated. The underlying mechanism is attributed ...to the formation of p-NiO and n-SnO(2) heterojunction on the nanowire surface. The enhanced space charge region owing to the existence of p-n heterojunction increases the surface electric field, which will improve the separation of photogenerated electrons and holes, and the photoresponse gain will be greatly enhanced. This work shows a new approach that by decorating suitable p-type nanoparticles on n-type nanowires, the photoresponse gain can be enhanced drastically. Our result should be useful for creating novel high efficiency photodetectors.
To examine the polymerization shrinkage of different resin-based composite (RBC) restorations using optical coherence tomography (OCT) image-based digital image correlation (DIC) analysis.
The ...refractive index (RI) of three RBCs, Filtek Z350XT (Z350), Z350Flowable (Z350F), and BulkFill Posterior (Bulkfill), was measured before and after polymerization to calibrate their axial dimensions under OCT. Class I cavities were prepared in bovine incisors and individually filled with these RBCs under nonbonded and bonded conditions. A series of OCT images of these restorations were captured during 20-s light polymerization and then input into DIC software to analyze their shrinkage behaviors. The interfacial adaptation was also examined using these OCT images.
The RI of the three composites ranged from 1.52 to 1.53, and photopolymerization caused neglectable increases in the RI values. For nonbonded restorations, Z350F showed maximal vertical displacements on the top surfaces (−16.75 µm), followed by Bulkfill (−8.81 µm) and Z350 (−5.97 µm). In their bonded conditions, all showed increased displacements. High variations were observed in displacement measurements on the bottom surfaces. In the temporal analysis, the shrinkage of nonbonded Z350F and Bulkfill decelerated after 6–10 s. However, Z350 showed a rebounding upward displacement after 8.2 s. Significant interfacial gaps were found in nonbonded Z350 and Z350F restorations.
The novel OCT image-based DIC analysis provided a comprehensive examination of the shrinkage behaviors and debonding of the composite restorations throughout the polymerization process. The flowable composite showed the highest shrinkage displacements. Changes in the shrinkage direction may occur in nonbonded conventional composite restorations.
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•A novel digital image correlation analysis using OCT images was established.•Shrinkage displacements and temporal changes of three composites were examined.•Contraction behavior is affected by the type of composite and bond condition.•Nonbonded Z350 restoration showed changed shrinkage directions during curing.•Bulk-fill composite showed similar displacement maps in nonbonded and bonded conditions.
To investigate the feasibility of optical coherence tomography (OCT)-based digital image correlation (DIC) analysis and to identify the experimental parameters for measurements of polymerization ...shrinkage.
Class I cavities were prepared on bovine incisors and filled with Filtek Z350XT Flowable (Z350F). One OCT image of the polymerized restoration was processed to generate virtually displaced images. In addition, the tooth specimen was physically moved under OCT scanning. A DIC software analyzed these virtual and physical transformation sets and assessed the effects of subset sizes on accuracy. The refractive index of unpolymerized and polymerized Z350F was measured via OCT images. Finally, different particles (70–80 µm glass beads, 150–212 µm glass beads, and 75–150 µm zirconia powder) were added to Z350F to inspect the analyzing quality.
The analyses revealed a high correlation (>99.99%) for virtual movements within 131 pixels (639 µm) and low errors (<5.21%) within a 10-µm physical movement. A subset size of 51 × 51 pixels demonstrated the convergence of correlation coefficients and calculation time. The refractive index of Z350F did not change significantly after polymerization. Adding glass beads or zirconia particles caused light reflection or shielding in OCT images, whereas blank Z350F produced the best DIC analysis results.
The OCT-based DIC analysis with the experimental conditions is feasible in measuring polymerization shrinkage of RBC restorations. The subset size in the DIC analysis should be identified to optimize the analysis conditions and results. Uses of hyper- or hypo-reflective particles is not recommended in this method.
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