Autism spectrum disorder is discussed in the context of altered neural oscillations and imbalanced cortical excitation–inhibition of cortical origin. We studied here whether developmental changes in ...peripheral auditory processing, while preserving basic hearing function, lead to altered cortical oscillations. Local field potentials (LFPs) were recorded from auditory, visual, and prefrontal cortices and the hippocampus of BdnfPax2 KO mice. These mice develop an autism‐like behavioral phenotype through deletion of BDNF in Pax2+ interneuron precursors, affecting lower brainstem functions, but not frontal brain regions directly. Evoked LFP responses to behaviorally relevant auditory stimuli were weaker in the auditory cortex of BdnfPax2 KOs, connected to maturation deficits of high‐spontaneous rate auditory nerve fibers. This was correlated with enhanced spontaneous and induced LFP power, excitation–inhibition imbalance, and dendritic spine immaturity, mirroring autistic phenotypes. Thus, impairments in peripheral high‐spontaneous rate fibers alter spike synchrony and subsequently cortical processing relevant for normal communication and behavior.
Scheme for high‐spontaneous low‐threshold fiber loss resulting in unsharp auditory processing and disturbed cortical network dynamics. (i) Developmental changes due to BDNF deletion in Pax2‐positive inhibitory interneurons result in partly dysfunctional high‐SR fibers in the cochlea. (ii) Spike synchronization of ANFs fails, impairing spectral and temporal resolution. (iii) The missing drive for cortical excitatory input to pyramidal neurons and inhibitory interneurons leads to altered intracortical network dynamics within AC and across areas (PFC/HC). Increased spontaneous but reduced evoked responsiveness in oscillatory frequency bands doesn't allow for the necessary context‐ and stimulus‐specific pattern segregation of sensory inputs.
Cellulose is a major constituent of papers made from plant fibers and combustible component of non-food energy crops. An ideal reference for scientists in natural and synthetic polymer research, this ...book applies basic biology as well as polymer and sugar chemistry to the study of cellulose. It provides key requirements for understanding the complex structure and biosynthesis of cellulose and its dissolution into new solvents. Cellulose Science and Technologyalso clarifies the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose leading to simple sugars that can be fermented into bioethanol. It examines the bacteria capable of breaking down cellulose and the derivatives that result from the process.
Written with a diverse audience in mind, this book describes the current status, development, and future prospects for the critical technology of second-generation biorefineries, specifically with a ...focus on lignocellulosic materials as feedstock. It provides an overview of the issues behind this technological transition, and it provides, in depth, the science and technology related to cellulose for production of bioethanol and other biofuels. The book also highlights the main emerging routes that will serve as the source of important bio-generated products in the future.
Because of the price increase of fossil resources, of their uncertain availability and because of environmental concerns, alternative solutions able to mitigate global warming, and reduce the ...consumption of fossil fuels and carbon dioxide emissions should be promoted. The replacement of petroleum with biomass as raw material for bioenergy (biofuels, power and heat) and chemical production is an interesting option and is the driving force for the development of biorefinery complexes that will have a critical role to play in our common future. A biorefinery is a facility that integrates biomass conversion processes and equipment to produce fuels, power, heat and chemicals from biomass. In biorefinery, almost all types of biomass feedstocks can be converted to different classes of biofuels and biochemicals through various processes that maximize economic and environmental benefits, while minimizing waste and pollution. Through the integration of green chemistry into biorefineries, and the use of low environmental impact technologies, future sustainable production chains of biofuels and high value chemicals from biomass can therefore be established. Currently, the green biorefinery, the whole-crop biorefinery, the oilseed biorefinery and the lignocellulosic feedstock biorefinery are favoured in research, development and industrial implementation, essentially through fully integrated biorefinery complexes. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
Written with a diverse audience in mind, this book describes the current status, development, and future prospects for the critical technology of second-generation biorefineries, specifically with a ...focus on lignocellulosic materials as feedstock. It provides an overview of the issues behind this technological transition, and it provides, in depth, the science and technology related to cellulose for production of bioethanol and other biofuels. The book also highlights the main emerging routes that will serve as the source of important bio-generated products in the future.
Because of the price increase of fossil resources, of their uncertain availability and because of environmental concerns, alternative solutions able to mitigate global warming, and reduce the ...consumption of fossil fuels and carbon dioxide emissions should be promoted. The replacement of petroleum with biomass as raw material for bioenergy (biofuels, power and heat) and chemical production is an interesting option and is the driving force for the development of biorefinery complexes that will have a critical role to play in our common future. A biorefinery is a facility that integrates biomass conversion processes and equipment to produce fuels, power, heat and chemicals from biomass. In biorefinery, almost all types of biomass feedstocks can be converted to different classes of biofuels and biochemicals through various processes that maximize economic and environmental benefits, while minimizing waste and pollution. Through the integration of green chemistry into biorefineries, and the use of low environmental impact technologies, future sustainable production chains of biofuels and high value chemicals from biomass can therefore be established. Currently, the green biorefinery, the whole-crop biorefinery, the oilseed biorefinery and the lignocellulosic feedstock biorefinery are favoured in research, development and industrial implementation, essentially through fully integrated biorefinery complexes.
