To describe and explain variations in first mental health service utilization before and after running away from home for homeless adolescents.
Survey interviews were conducted with homeless and ...runaway youth in several Midwestern locations. The effects of family of origin factors and street experiences on the likelihood of seeing a mental health professional for the first time before running away and after running away for the first time were examined. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression methods are used to analyze these data. Interactions are tested across race and gender sub-groups.
Caretaker education, caretaker rejection, and family transitions increase the probability that an adolescent first sees a mental health professional before running away from home. Post-run intervention is more likely for females, younger runaways, shelter users, youths with social support networks, and youths abused by their caretakers. A gender gap in first service use exists for Whites but not for minority youth. Minority youth who experienced family abuse were less likely than abused Whites to report ever seeing a mental health professional.
Analyses indicate homeless youth's utilization patterns are differentiated by family of origin factors, street experiences, timing of first utilization, and by race and gender interactions. Our findings suggest that youths whose first contact with mental health service use follows running away for the first time may experience higher levels of mental distress compared with other homeless runaways. The significant differences in first service use across race and gender subgroups should be further explored. The racial-ethnic gap in first mental health intervention for abused youths indicates this sub-group is not receiving services that are available to other homeless youths. Our findings suggest that homelessness does not homogenize racial/ethnic differences in first mental health service utilization.
Objective: Almost all of what is known about the families of runaways and homeless adolescents is based on adolescent self-reports. The validity of such research is currently being questioned by ...policy makers. The purpose of this study was to compare runaway and homeless adolescent reports and parent/caretaker reports on measures of parenting, family violence, and adolescent conduct.
Method: Reports of 120 runaway adolescents and their parents/caretakers from four Midwestern states were compared on measures of parental monitoring, parental warmth and supportiveness, parental rejection, physical and sexual abuse, and adolescent conduct. Comparison groups of nonrunaway adolescents and their mothers in two-parent and single-parent families from the same geographical area were also used for parenting and adolescent conduct measures.
Results: The findings indicated that although there were significant differences in means between adults and adolescents regardless of runaway status, adults and adolescent reports were in the same direction and present similar portraits of families of runaway and homeless young people. Both the parents/caretakers and their runaway adolescents reported lower levels of parental monitoring and warmth and supportiveness and higher levels of parental rejection than comparison groups of nonrunaway families. Parents/caretakers and runaway adolescents reported high levels of family violence and sexual abuse. Similarly, they concur regarding conduct problems for the adolescents.
Conclusions: The findings suggest that runaway and homeless adolescents accurately depict the troubled family situations that they choose to leave. The policy implications for recent debates involving criminalization and mandatory return to parental custody of homeless and runaway youth are discussed.
Objectif: A peu près tout ce qui est connu sur les adolescents fugueurs et sand domicile fixe s'appuie sur des autosignalements. La validité des recherches de ce type est régulièrement remise en cause par les décideurs. L'objectif de cette étude a été de comparer les données rapportées par les adolescents fugueurs et sand domicile fixe à celles rapportées par les parents ou les responsables sur base de mesures concernant la capacité parentale, la violence familiale et le comportement de l'adolescent.
Méthode: Les données de 120 adolescents fugueurs et de leurs parents/responsables de nos Etats du middle ouest ont été compararées en s'appuyant sur des mesures concernant les capacités parentales, la chaleur le coutien ou le rejet des parents, la maltraitance et l'abus sexuel et le comportement de l'adolescent. Des groupes de comparaison d'adolescents non-fugueurs et de leurs mères dans des familles biparentales et monoparentales de la même région géographique ont été utilisés pour les mesures de capacité parentale et de comportement de l'adolescent.
Résultats: Les données indiquent que malgré des différences significatives entre adultes et adolescents, indépendamment du statut de fugueur, les données des adultes et des adolescents allaient dans la même direction et présentaient des portraits similaires des familles de jeunes fugueurs et sans domicile fixe. Aussi bien les parents/responsables que leurs adolescents fugueurs mentionnaient moins de capacités parentales, moins de chaleur et de soutien et plus de rejet en comparaison avec les groupes de famille de non-gugueurs. Les parents/responsables et les adolescents fugueurs mentionnaient beaucoup de violence familiale et d'abus sexuel. On retrouve les mêmes similitudes pour les troubles du comportement des adolescents.
Conclusions: Les données suggèrent que les adolescents fugueurs et sand domicile décrivent avec beaucoup de fiabilité leur situation familiale qu'ils décident de quitter. Les implications décisionnelles dans le débat actuel sur la cimrinalisation et le retour obligatoire des jeunes fugueurs et adolescents sans domicile fixe dans leur familles sont discutées.
Objetivo: Casi todo lo que se sabe de las familias de los adolescentes que se fugan y los que no tienen hogar está basado en auto-reportes de los mismos adolescentes. En la actualidad se está cuestionando la validez de este sistema de investigación. El propósito de este estudio era comparar los reportes de los adolescentes que se fugan y los sin hogar con los reportes de los padres/tutores en cuanto a medidas de crianza, violencia familiar y conducta del adolescente.
Método: Se compararon los reportes de 120 adolescentes que se fugaron y los de sus padres/tutores de cuatro estados del medio-oeste en las medidas de monitoreo parental, calidez parental y apoyo, rechazo parental, abuso físico y sexual, y conducta adolescente. Se utilizaron también grupos de control de adolescentes que no se habían fugado y sus madres en familias con ambos padres y en familias mono-parentales de la misma área geográfica para obtener datos sobre la crianza y la conducta adolescente.
Resultados: Los hallazgos indican que a pesar de que se encontraron diferencias significativas en las medias entre los adultos y los adolescentes sin importar su status de fuga, los reportes de los adultos y los adolescentes tenían la misma dirección y presentaban cuadros similares de las familias de los que se fugaron y los jóvenes sin hogar. Tanto los padres/tutores como sus adolescentes que se habían fugado reportaron altos niveles de violencia familiar y abuso sexual. Asi también, estaban de acuerdo en cuanto a los problemas de conducta de los adolescentes.
Conclusiones: Los resultados sugieren que los adolescentes que se fugan y los que no tienen hogar presentan con exactitud las situaciones problematizadas de la familia que deciden abandonar. Se discuten las implicaciones políticas relacionadas con debates recientes sobre la criminalización y la obligatoriedad de volver a la custodia parental de los jóvenes que se fugan y no tienen hogar.
To investigate the prevalence of mental disorder and comorbidity among American Indian children aged 10–12 years from four U.S. reservations and five Canadian reserves in the Northern Midwest.
...Specially trained Native interviewers administered the Diagnostic Interview for Children-Revised for 11 diagnostic categories to 736 tribally enrolled children (mean age 11 years) and their female caretakers.
Prevalence rates are reported by child self-report, female caretaker reports, and combined caretaker-child reports. Twenty-three percent (combined caretaker-child reports) of the children met criteria for one of the 11 disorders and 9% met criteria for two or more of the disorders. Externalizing disorders were more prevalent than internalizing disorders or substance abuse disorders. The strongest predictor of child mental disorder was a depressed female caretaker.
Nearly one-fourth of Native children met criteria for at least one mental disorder. The presence of early mental disorder is an important risk factor for substance use and mental health problems in later life. We need systematic research to identify risk and protective factors for early mental health problems and to identify barriers to services utilization so that we can develop empirically informed, culturally specific prevention programs that address these needs.
Utilizing a sample of 76 white, middle-class couples from a rural midwestern county, this study examined two central propositions: (a) the negative impact of economic hardship on a spouse's marital ...quality (happiness/satisfaction) or marital instability (thoughts or actions related to divorce) is in part a function of its influence on the affective quality of marital interactions, and (b) this process is particularly applicable to the hostile, irritable response of men to financial difficulties. A series of analyses supported these propositions. Economic pressures had an indirect association with married couples' evaluation of the marriage by promoting hostility in marital interactions and curtailing the warm and supportive behaviors spouses express toward one another. The hypothesized process was most pronounced for husbands, whose behavior was more strongly associated with economic problems than wives' behavior. Findings from the study are consistent with previous research that identifies negative affect as a principal behavioral correlate of marital distress; however, the results also suggest that more research needs to be done on the role of warmth and supportiveness in promoting marital quality. Limitations of the research and future research directions are discussed.
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This study reports on the effects maternal prenatal binge drinking, cigarette smoking, drug use, and pregnancy and birth complications on meeting criteria for psychiatric disorders at ages ...10–12 and 13–15 years among 546 Indigenous adolescents from a single culture in the northern Midwest and Canada. Adolescent DSM-IV psychiatric disorders were assessed with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children-Revised (DISC-R). Results indicate that maternal behaviors when pregnant have significant effects on adolescent psychiatric disorders even when controlling for age and gender of adolescent, family per capita income, living in a single mother household, and adolescent reports of mother’s positive parenting.
Based on the structural-choice theory of victimization, the current study examines the effects of a high-risk environment on the sexual victimization of 311 homeless and runaway youth. Results from ...logistic regression revealed that survival sex, gender, and physical appearance were significantly associated with sexual victimization. Results from a series of interactions also revealed that the effects of deviant behaviors on sexual victimization varied by gender and age. Although males and females engaged in similar activities, young women were more likely to be victims of sexual assault. These findings suggest that engaging in high-risk behaviors predispose some people to greater risks but it is the combination of these behaviors with gender and/or age that determines who will become victimized.
Used a sample of 207 single‐parent families residing in 104 small, Midwestern communities to test hypotheses regarding the link between community context and adolescent conduct problems and ...psychological distress. For boys, community disadvantage had a direct affect on psychological distress, while it indirectly boosted the probability of conduct problems by disrupting parenting and increasing affiliation with deviant peers. Community disadvantage was unrelated to the deviant behavior or emotional well‐being of girls. Proportion of single‐parent households in the community had a direct effect on girls' conduct problems. It also contributed indirectly to girls' conduct problems by increasing the probability of involvement with deviant peers. Possible explanations for these gender differences are provided.
A social learning model was developed that portrayed four processes whereby harsh parenting might be transmitted across generations. The model was tested using a sample of 451 2-parent families, each ...of which included a 7th grader. Both parent self-report and adolescent-report measures were utilized for the harsh parenting construct. Analysis using structural equation modeling procedures showed that grandparents who had engaged in aggressive parenting produced presentday parents who were likely to use similar parenting practices. The effect was stronger for mothers than for fathers. In addition to a direct modeling effect, there was evidence that similarities across generations regarding the harsh discipline of male children are in part a function of socioeconomic characteristics being transmitted across generations. There was little support for the contention that parents transmit their aggressive parenting practices indirectly by influencing the personality and parenting beliefs of their children.
Research has substantiated that homeless and runaway youth are at high risk for offending and deviant behavior. Although gender, abuse, and deviant peers have been implicated in arrests among ...homeless youth, we know less about whether these precursors operate similarly for police harassment as well as for postrunaway arrest. In a study of 361 Midwestern homeless and runaway youth, several differences were noted between the predictors of arrest and police harassment. First, path-analytic techniques demonstrated that having deviant friends promoted harassment but not arrest. Second, substance use was the impetus for police harassment, whereas age at first runaway was consequential for arrest. Third, physically abused youth encountered more harassment, yet minor delinquent behavior increased the risk of arrest.
Studied relationships among physical and sexual abuse in family of origin, participation in deviant subsistence strategies, and victimization in 108 runaway and homeless adolescents in four ...Midwestern states. Path analysis indicated that abusive family backgrounds directly affected adolescent victimization and indirectly increased likelihood of victimization by increasing amount of time at risk, deviant peer associations, and risk taking. (Author)
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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