In the harsh environment of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN (design luminosity of 1034 cm-2s-1) efficient reconstruction of the signal primary vertex is crucial for many physics analyses. Described ...in this paper are primary vertex reconstruction strategies implemented in the ATLAS software framework Athena. The implementation of the algorithms follows a very modular design based on object oriented C++ and the use of abstract interfaces. This guarantees the easy use and exchange of different vertex fitters and finders which are considered for a given analysis. Such a modular approach relies on a dedicated Event Data Model for vertex reconstruction. The data model has been developed alongside the reconstruction algorithms. Its design is presented in detail. The performance of the implemented primary vertex reconstruction algorithms has been studied on a variety of Monte Carlo samples and results are presented.
Presented in this contribution are methods currently developed and used by the ATLAS collaboration to measure the performance of the primary vertex reconstruction algorithms. With the increasing ...instantaneous luminosity at the LHC, many proton-proton collisions occur simultaneously in one bunch crossing. The correct identification of the primary vertex from a hard scattering process and the knowledge of the number of additional pile-up interactions is crucial for many physics analyses. Under high pile-up conditions, additional effects like splitting one vertex into many or reconstructing several interactions as one also become sizable effects. The mathematical methods, their software implementation, and studies presented in this contribution are methods currently developed and used by the ATLAS collaboration to measure the performance of the primary vertex reconstruction algorithms. Statistical methods based on data and Monte Carlo simulation are both used to disentangle and understand the different contributions.
In anticipation of the first LHC data to come, a considerable effort has been devoted to ensure the efficient reconstruction of vertices in the ATLAS detector. This includes the reconstruction of ...photon conversions, long lived particles, secondary vertices in jets as well as finding and fitting of primary vertices. The implementation of the corresponding algorithms requires a modular design based on the use of abstract interfaces and a common Event Data Model. An enhanced software framework addressing various physics applications of vertex reconstruction has been developed in the ATLAS experiment. Presented in this paper are the general principles of this framework. A particular emphasis is given to the description of the concrete implementations, which are dedicated to diverse methods of vertex reconstruction.
The data model for event reconstruction (EDM) in the Inner Detector of the ATLAS experiment is presented. Different data classes represent evolving stages in the reconstruction data flow, and ...specific derived classes exist for the sub-detectors. The Inner Detector EDM also extends the data model for common tracking in ATLAS and is integrated into the modular design of the ATLAS high-level trigger and off-line software.
In the harsh environment of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN (design luminosity of 10 34 cm −2 s −1 ) efficient reconstruction of vertices is crucial for many physics analyses. Described in this ...paper are the strategies for vertex reconstruction used in the ATLAS experiment and their implementation in the software framework Athena. The algorithms for the reconstruction of primary and secondary vertices as well as for finding of photon conversions and vertex reconstruction in jets are described. A special emphasis is made on the vertex fitting with application of additional constraints. The implementation of mentioned algorithms follows a very modular design based on object-oriented C++ and use of abstract interfaces. The user-friendly concept allows event reconstruction and physics analyses to compare and optimize their choice among different vertex reconstruction strategies. The performance of implemented algorithms has been studied on a variety of Monte Carlo samples and results are presented.
The paper investigates the effects of changes in the distribution of income and wealth on aggregate demand and its components. The model of Bhaduri and Marglin is extended to include personal income ...inequality as well as asset prices and debt. This allows for an evaluation of the wage- or profit-led nature of demand regimes, of the expenditure cascade argument and several hypotheses regarding the effects of wealth and debt. Our estimates are based on a panel of 18 OECD countries covering the period 1980–2013. For the full panel, the average demand regime is found to be wage led. We fail to find effects of personal inequality, but do find strong effects of debt and property prices, which have been the main drivers of aggregate demand in the decade prior to the 2007 crisis.
The document examines three case studies of intellectually gifted young children and explores competencies for accurately identifying and nurturing the young gifted child in the regular classroom. An ...introductory section reviews child development principles, notes characteristics of physical development in gifted children, and considers behaviors of the young gifted child in other domains. Identification research focuses on procedures and measures of such functioning areas as creativity and adaptive behavior. Research on nurturance touches upon characteristics of the differentiated curriculum and aspects of the social-emotional environment. Three in-depth case studies--of a kindergartner, second grader, and fourth grader--are presented separately, each with background and assessment data (physical, environmental, educational, and basic skills), a summary and evaluation of the delivery services for the intellectually gifted at each subject's school, and recommendations for further nurturance at home and at school. A four-page bibliography is included. (CL)
•The paper proposes a new approach to modelling the tail of the wealth distribution.•The method requires only minimal additional information.•Applying it to wealth survey data shows significant ...improvement over raw data.•Results are closely in line with estimates from World Inequality Database.•The method provides a general approach towards unobserved heavy tails/Pareto tails.
This paper is concerned with the problem of modelling the tail of the wealth distribution with survey data when the data does not adequately cover the tail of the distribution. In order to deal with the problem post data collection, it is standard practice to either fit a Pareto tail to the data or to combine wealth survey data with observations from rich lists before fitting such a Pareto tail. This paper proposes a novel approach (‘rank correction’) to address such cases which does not require additional data-sources. Applying the rank correction approach to wealth survey data (HFCS, SCF, WAS) yields estimates of top wealth shares, which are closely in line with estimates from the World Inequality Database and therefore represent a significant improvement over the raw survey data. While the paper focuses on the distribution of wealth as a case in point the rank correction approach might generally prove useful in contexts, where the tail of a Pareto-distributed variable is not adequately covered by the available data.
This paper analyses the European Commission's assessment of investment needs as implied by the EU's Paris commitment. We find that official estimates of the green investment gap until 2050 are likely ...to seriously understate actual investment required. Against this backdrop, we assess the potential of a European wealth tax to close this investment gap. In doing so, we first provide a detailed estimate of the wealth distribution across 22 EU member countries and then develop a microsimulation model for recurring wealth taxes in these countries. The model is based on household survey data from the HFCS, but compensates for missing observations at the top of the wealth distribution by means of a Pareto model. Taking different tax designs into account, we generally find a substantial revenue potential that could contribute significantly to closing currently existing green investment gaps. We also find that compensating for the ‘missing rich’ is essential for sensibly evaluating progressive tax designs.
The paper presents a model of conflict inflation to investigate the distributional effects of energy price shocks. We argue that periods of high inflation are always periods of significant ...redistribution of income. We analyse how such redistribution occurs along two dimensions: between workers and firms and between sectors of the economy. To study the distributional outcomes of the recent inflationary episode, we build a three-sector model comprising a domestic energy sector which provides inputs for a goods and a services sector. The model is calibrated to US sectoral data with the Method of Simulated Moments. While energy prices are set internationally, non-energy prices and nominal wages are set by firms and workers, giving rise to conflicting claims over the distribution of income. We consider three shocks that trigger inflationary distributional conflict: an energy price shock combined with demand and supply shocks to the goods sector. We find that the recent inflationary episode constitutes a price-wage rather than a wage-price spiral. The combined shocks induce non-energy firms to raise prices, which undermines real wages, and redistributes income towards firms. The sectoral demand shift towards goods in combination with pandemic-related supply bottlenecks further raises mark-ups, accelerating inflation and leading to divergence in sectoral profit margins. We compare three anti-inflationary policies: redistributing windfall profits to workers, nominal wage restraint, and aggregate demand contraction through monetary or fiscal policy. The redistribution of profits via a windfall tax is most effective in reducing inflation without reinforcing reductions in employment and labour shares.
•This paper builds and calibrates a novel three-sector conflict inflation model.•In our model periods of high inflation lead to significant redistribution of income.•Energy shocks drive increases in energy sector’s profit margins.•Non-energy profits are driven by COVID-induced demand shifts and supply bottlenecks.•Taxing windfall profits to stabilise workers’ disposable income reduces inflation.
PDF
