•Investigation of different cell chemistries and designs on the depth of discharge.•Properties of functional units depend on the depth of discharge.•Separation of separator foil as single fraction is ...not always feasible.•Black mass of cells discharged into pole reversal shows higher Cu content.•Influence of discharge is independent of cell chemistry or cell design.
Prior to the mechanical processing, discharging is necessary to prevent hazards. While the discharging process, different phenomena can occur changing the characteristics of the functional units of LIB. This study reveals the influence on the mechanical recycling and the obtained material when different discharge levels are used for various cells differing in their cell chemistry. It shows that for different cells, for example, copper deposits happen on the cathode as well as active material deposits on the separator foil. These new properties deteriorate the black mass quality and show contamination of the products with other material streams. It is being tested whether established sub-processes are suitable. However, it becomes clear that further recycling steps (e.g. flotation, hydrometallurgy) can be influenced as well as their product quality and element specific yield.
Atraumatic splenic rupture is rare and not often considered in the differential diagnosis for patients with abdominal pain. This article describes a patient with atraumatic splenic rupture ...complicated by a congenital splenorenal anomalous shunt. The congenital anomaly increases patient risk and the degree of surgical difficulty, even if it is identified preoperatively.
Lithium-Ion Battery (LIB) manufacturers produce different cell formats (prismatic, cylindrical, pouch, etc.) with different casing materials (steel or aluminium) and cell chemistries (e.g., NMC, NCA, ...LFP, etc.) for application in electric vehicles. By law, these cells have to be recycled after their lifetime. This study investigates the influence of different cell types on the outcome of a standardized mechanical recycling process consisting of crushing, sieving and air classification. The aim of the study is to find out whether different cell types can be processed together or whether the recovery and product quality can be improved by processing them separately. Pouch cells require low energy consumption for crushing compared to cylindrical and prismatic cells. Steel as a casing material increases the energy requirement during crushing compared to aluminium. The particle size distribution of several product fractions varies significantly between the different cell types. During air classification, the separator, anode, and cathode show a similar separation behaviour and can be processed with the same settings, whereas for the separation of the casing metals, different settling velocities need to be applied depending on the casing material.
Treatment of aqueous liquids by surface‐DBD in atmospheric air resulted in bactericidal activity of the liquid itself. A 7 min treatment of sodium chloride (NaCl) solution and its immediate addition ...to Escherichia coli resulted in a complete bacteria inactivation (≥7 log) after 15 min exposure time. With a 30 min delay between plasma treatment of liquid and its addition to the bacteria, bactericidal effect was reduced but still detectable. Nitrate (${\rm NO}_{2}^{{-} } $), nitrite (${\rm NO}_{2}^{{-} } $), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), respectively, as well as strong acidification are detected in plasma treated liquids and can explain this bactericidal activity partially. Combination of 1.5 mg · L−1 ${\rm NO}_{2}^{{-} } $ and 2.5 mg · L−1 H2O2 at pH 3 results in maximum 3.5 log E. coli reduction within 60 min. Plasma diagnostics and liquid analytics are combined with theoretical considerations to focus possible reaction channels of plasma–water interactions. Using FT‐IR, stable molecules like nitrous oxide (N2O), ozone (O3), carbon dioxide (CO2), and traces of nitric acid (HNO3) and/or peroxynitrous acid (ONOOH) were measured. Reactions of these molecules from the plasma/gas phase with the aqueous liquid can result in acidification and generation of H2O2, ${\rm NO}_{2}^{{-} } $, and ${\rm NO}_{3}^{{-} } $ or peroxynitrite (ONOO−), respectively, via reactions which are associated with the occurrence of several more or less stable but biologically active chemical intermediates like ${\rm NO}^{ \bullet } $ or nitrogen dioxide (${\rm NO}_{2}^{ \bullet } $). On the other hand, H2O2, ${\rm NO}_{2}^{{-} } $, and ${\rm NO}_{3}^{{-} } $/ONOO− could serve as starting reaction partners to generate ${\rm NO}^{ \bullet } $, ${\rm HO}^{ \bullet } $, ${\rm NO}_{2}^{ \bullet } $, or hydroxyl radicals (${\rm HOO}^{ \bullet } $) in the liquid.
Aqueous liquid treated by surface DBD in air causes bactericidal effects comparable to plasma treatment of bacteria‐containing liquid. Based on chemical liquid analytics, FT‐IR and OES measurements of plasma/gas phase as well as theoretical considerations, possible reaction mechanisms of complex interactions at the plasma/gas–liquid‐interface and subsequent reactions in the liquid volume are hypothesized to explain these experimental results.
With the increasing number of electric vehicles (EVs) rises the need to recycle their used lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). During the mechanical process of the recycling of the LIB cells, a fine ...fraction, the so-called black mass, is created. This black mass consists mostly of the coatings originating from the cells’ electrodes and residues from the electrolyte, together with a low amount of Al and Cu from the crushed current collector foils. The amount of black mass as well as its composition is influenced by the chosen grid size at the crusher discharge. To reduce solvent emissions during the recycling process, a thermal pre-treatment can be added before crushing, which also influences the black mass and its properties due to changes in the adhesion between electrode foils and coating. This study investigates the influence of the crusher settings as well as the pre-treatment temperatures to find an optimum between the recovery of the coating and conductive salt, while limiting the amount of Al and Cu in the black mass.
High homogeneity of MMR deficiency in ovarian cancer Fraune, Christoph; Rosebrock, Janina; Simon, Ronald ...
Gynecologic oncology,
March 2020, 2020-Mar, 2020-03-00, 20200301, Letnik:
156, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency and Bethesda panel microsatellite instability (MSI) are increasingly analyzed to identify tumors that might benefit from immune checkpoint inhibitors, but tumor ...heterogeneity is a potential obstacle for such analyses. In ovarian cancer, data on intratumoral heterogeneity of MMR deficiency/MSI are lacking.
N = 582 ovarian cancers were screened for MMR deficiency by immunohistochemistry (IHC) on a tissue microarray. 10 cases suspect for MMR deficiency were identified among 478 interpretable cancers and repeated IHC on large sections combined with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based MSI analysis validated MMR deficiency/MSI in 9 of these tumors.
MMR deficiency/MSI was predominantly seen in endmetrioid cancers (8 of 35, 23%) and also in 1 of 358 serous carcinomas (0.3%), but was absent in 34 mucinous carcinomas, 23 clear cell carcinomas, 17 malignant mixed Mullerian tumors (carcinosarcomas), and 11 mixed carcinomas. MMR deficiency involed protein loss of PMS2/MLH1 in 6 cases and of MSH2 and/or MSH6 in 3 cases. 7 MMR deficient cancers were MSI-high (all endometrioid), one was MSI-low (endometrioid) and one cancer with unequivocal MMR protein loss exhibited microsatellite stability (serous). MLH1 promotor methylation was observed in 4 of 5 endometrioid cancers with MLH1 protein loss. Immunostaining of all available cancer-containing tissue blocks (n = 114) of tumors with confirmed MMR deficiency/MSI revealed uniform MMR status throughout the entire tumor mass.
Our data show that MSI is present in a substantial proportion of endometrioid ovarian cancers but can also occur in other tumor subtypes. MMR deficiency/MSI typically involves the entire tumor mass, suggesting that MMR inactivation occurs early in tumorigenesis in a subset of ovarian cancers.
•Microsatellite instability (MSI) occurs in about 20% of endometrial ovarian cancers.•Because MSI is an early event in this tumor type, analysis of biopsies can yield representative results.•MSI should be routinely determined at least in every newly diagnosed endometrioid ovarian cancer.
Dysregulation of lipid metabolism is common in cancer. Lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 1 (LPCAT1) has been implicated with various cancer types. Here we analyzed by immunohistochemistry its ...expression in 2,197 breast cancers. LPCAT1 staining was found in 97.8% of 1,774 interpretable tumors, including 48.1% with weak, 28.7% with moderate, and 14.4% with strong expression. The frequency of LPCAT1 positivity depended on the histological tumor type. Moderate or strong LPCAT1 positivity was more common in cancers of no special type (NST) (46.2%) than in lobular carcinomas (25.9%; p<0.0001). Strong LPCAT1 was associated with BRE grade, tumor cell proliferation and overall survival in all cancers and in the subgroup of NST cancers (p<0.0001, each). In the subset of NST cancers the prognostic effect of LPCAT1 expression was independent of pT, and BRE grade (p<0.0001 each). A comparison with molecular features showed that LPCAT1 was strongly associated with estrogen receptor negativity (p<0.0001), progesterone receptor negativity (p<0,0001), amplification of HER2 (p<0.0001) and MYC (p=0.0066), as well as deletions of PTEN (p<0.0001) and CDKNA2 (p=0.0151). It is concluded that LPCAT1 overexpression is linked to adverse tumor features and poor prognosis in breast cancer. These data also highlight the important role of lipid metabolism in breast cancer biology.
The recycling of lithium-ion batteries, in particular, has become increasingly important in recent years. Due to the materials contained, such as copper or nickel, the return to the economic cycle is ...important. To ensure this, binding measures have been introduced by the European Commission. As part of the mechanical recycling of lithium-ion batteries, the zig-zag air classifier is used to separate battery components. One application is the separation of the current conductor foils from each other, which is investigated and modelled here. Existing models deriving from the literature are evaluated for material fractions coming from the recycling of different automotive lithium-ion batteries. Since the separation depends on the geometry of the foil particles, similarities for separation depending on the geometric characteristics of the electrodes are derived. It turns out that the material is too complex for the empirical model. However, the model can be used to evaluate the suitability of the apparatus and the quality of the separation.
Widerspruch gegen Konsens dient der Durchsetzung von Interessen, dem ästhetischen Vergnügen und der Verbreitung der Wahrheit. Der Band wirft Schlaglichter auf die Geschichte einer vergessenen ...Schlüsselkategorie von der Klassischen Rhetorik bis zur Romantik.Das Phänomen antikonsensualer Rede wird anhand des Begriffs der Paradoxie untersucht, der heute zumeist den logischen Widerspruch meint, im traditionellen Verständnis aber eine Rede oder eine These gegen (gr. pará) eine allgemeine Meinung (gr. dóxa) bezeichnet hat. Dabei werden verschiedene Praktiken antikonsensualer Rede nach ihrer Zwecksetzung und ihrer Formgebung unterschieden, die ihrerseits darauf hinweisen, in welchem Verhältnis Mensch, Sprache und Wahrheit jeweils gesehen werden. So wird erstmals ein Bogen von sophistischen Schaureden über moralphilosophische Lehren der Antike und der Renaissance bis hin zu den epochemachenden Aufwertungen des untersuchten Phänomens in Aufklärung und Frühromantik geschlagen.
Background
Cyclin D1 (CCND1) gene amplification is a molecular key alteration in breast cancer and was suggested to predict resistance to antihormonal therapy. As tissue heterogeneity may affect ...diagnostic accuracy of predictive biomarkers, CCND1 genetic heterogeneity was assessed in this study. A novel tissue microarray (TMA) platform was manufactured for this purpose.
Methods
Primary breast carcinomas from 147 patients were sampled in a “heterogeneity-TMA” by taking eight different tissue cores from 4 to 8 tumor-containing blocks per case. Additional tissue samples were taken from 1 to 4 corresponding nodal metastases in 35 of these patients. CCND1 amplification was assessed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).
Results
CCND1 amplification was seen in 28 of 133 (21.05 %) informative patients. Amplification was significantly associated with high tumor grade (
p
= 0.042), but unrelated to tumor type (
p
= 0.307), stage (
p
= 0.540) and ER (
p
= 0.061) or PR (
p
= 0.871) expression. A discordant Cyclin D1 amplification status was detected in 6 out of 28 (21.43 %) amplified tumors by heterogeneity-TMA analysis. Re-testing on large sections revealed three patients with true heterogeneity of high-level CCND1 amplification and another three patients with variable interpretation of borderline FISH ratios ranging between 1.7 and 2.3. No discrepancies were detected between 22 primary tumors and their matched lymph node metastases.
Conclusions
The high degree of homogeneity seen for CCND1 amplification suggests that this alteration is an early event in the development of a small subset of breast cancers.
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