A search for the dinucleon decay pp → K+ K+ has been performed using 91.6 kton·yr data from Super-Kamiokande-I. This decay provides a sensitive probe of the R-parity-violating parameter λ112''. A ...boosted decision tree analysis found no signal candidates in the data. The expected background was 0.28±0.19 atmospheric neutrino induced events and the estimated signal detection efficiency was 12.6%±3.2%. A lower limit of 1.7×10(32) years has been placed on the partial lifetime of the decay O16 → C14K+ K+ at 90% C.L. A corresponding upper limit of 7.8×10(-9) has been placed on the parameter λ112''.
Background. This meta-analysis tested the hypothesis that cumulative blood loss during the first 24 hours after cardiopulmonary bypass is lower in patients exposed to albumin than hydroxyethyl starch ...(HES).
Methods. Randomized controlled trials comparing albumin and HES in cardiopulmonary bypass patients were identified by bibliographic database searches and other methods.
Results. Sixteen trials involving 653 randomized patients were included. In 88% of randomized comparisons, postoperative bleeding was lower in the albumin group, and the standardized mean difference in bleeding favoring albumin across all trials (−0.24; 95% confidence interval, −0.40 to −0.08) was statistically significant. Bleeding differences between albumin and either high or medium molecular weight HES were similar. In trials of adults, the pooled mean blood loss in the albumin group was 693 ± 350 mL compared with 789 ± 487 mL in the HES group. The estimated proportion of adult albumin group patients with blood loss of more than 1,000 mL was 19% compared with 33% of adult HES group patients.
Conclusions. Postoperative blood loss is significantly lower in cardiopulmonary bypass patients exposed to albumin than HES.
Spectra have been obtained with the Infrared Spectrograph (IRS) on the Spitzer Space Telescope for 20 sources in the Lockman Hole field of the SWIRE survey. The sample is divided between sources with ...indicators of an obscured AGN, based primarily on X-ray detections of optically faint sources, and sources with indicators of a starburst, based on optical and near-infrared spectral energy distributions (SEDs), which show a luminosity peak from stellar photospheric emission. Ten of the 11 AGN sources have IRS spectra that show silicate absorption or are power laws; only one AGN source shows PAH emission features. All nine of the sources showing starburst SEDs in the near-infrared show PAH emission features in the IRS spectra. Redshifts are determined from the IRS spectra for all nine starbursts (1.0 < z < 1.9) and 8 of the 11 AGNs (0.6 < z < 2.5). Classification as AGN because of an X-ray detection, the classification as AGN or starburst derived from the photometric SED, and the IRS spectroscopic classification as AGN (silicate absorption) or starburst (PAH emission) are all consistent in 18 of 20 sources. The surface density for starbursts that are most luminous in the mid-infrared is less than that for the most luminous AGNs within the redshift interval 1.7 z 1.9. This result implies that mid-infrared source counts at high redshift are dominated by AGNs for f sub(u)(24 km) 1.0 mJy.
The trilepton nucleon decay modes p→e+νν and p→μ+νν violate |Δ(B-L)| by two units. Using data from a 273.4 kt yr exposure of Super-Kamiokande a search for these decays yields a fit consistent with no ...signal. Accordingly, lower limits on the partial lifetimes of τp→e+νν>1.7×10(32) years and τp→μ+νν>2.2×10(32) years at a 90% confidence level are obtained. These limits can constrain Grand Unified Theories which allow for such processes.
It has been argued in the technical literature, and widely reported in the popular press, that cosmic ray air showers (CRASs) can initiate lightning via a mechanism known as relativistic runaway ...electron avalanche (RREA), where large numbers of high‐energy and low‐energy electrons can, somehow, cause the local atmosphere in a thundercloud to transition to a conducting state. In response to this claim, other researchers have published simulations showing that the electron density produced by RREA is far too small to be able to affect the conductivity in the cloud sufficiently to initiate lightning. In this paper, we compare 74 days of cosmic ray air shower data collected in north central Florida during 2013–2015, the recorded CRASs having primary energies on the order of 1016 eV to 1018 eV and zenith angles less than 38°, with Lightning Mapping Array (LMA) data, and we show that there is no evidence that the detected cosmic ray air showers initiated lightning. Furthermore, we show that the average probability of any of our detected cosmic ray air showers to initiate a lightning flash can be no more than 5%. If all lightning flashes were initiated by cosmic ray air showers, then about 1.6% of detected CRASs would initiate lightning; therefore, we do not have enough data to exclude the possibility that lightning flashes could be initiated by cosmic ray air showers.
Key Points
Cosmic ray air shower data correlated with lightning mapping array data provide no evidence for cosmic ray‐initiated lightning
Less than 5% of detected cosmic ray air showers could potentially have initiated a lightning flash
We cannot exclude the possibility that lightning flashes are initiated by cosmic ray air showers
The T2K off-axis near detector ND280 is used to make the first differential cross-section measurements of electron neutrino charged current interactions at energies ∼1 GeV as a function of electron ...momentum, electron scattering angle, and four-momentum transfer of the interaction. The total flux-averaged ν(e) charged current cross section on carbon is measured to be ⟨σ⟩(ϕ)=1.11±0.10(stat)±0.18(syst)×10⁻³⁸ cm²/nucleon. The differential and total cross-section measurements agree with the predictions of two leading neutrino interaction generators, NEUT and GENIE. The NEUT prediction is 1.23×10⁻³⁸ cm²/nucleon and the GENIE prediction is 1.08×10⁻³⁸ cm²/nucleon. The total ν(e) charged current cross-section result is also in agreement with data from the Gargamelle experiment.
Summary In a cross-design synthesis, total fractures were similarly reduced by bisphosphonates among postmenopausal women in randomized trials (23.8%) and highly compliant/persistent patients in ...observational studies of large databases from routine practice (20.3%). Bisphosphonates also reduced nonvertebral, vertebral and hip fractures in randomized trials and observational studies. In the real-word setting, compliant/persistent patients can gain a benefit from bisphosphonates comparable to that of randomized trial participants. Introduction The purpose of the study was to determine whether clinical fracture risk reduction by bisphosphonate treatment in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis differs between randomized controlled trials and routine practice. Methods Randomized trials comparing bisphosphonate with placebo and observational studies comparing highly compliant/persistent with less compliant/persistent patients were sought by electronic searches and ancillary methods. Clinical fracture data were extracted from the study reports and quantitatively combined by random effects metaanalysis. Results The odds ratio (OR) for all clinical fractures in randomized trials of 0.762, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.680-0.855, was closely similar to that in the observational studies (OR, 0.797; CI, 0.748-0.850). Pooled clinical fracture reduction across both study designs was 22%. Nonvertebral, vertebral, and hip fractures were also significantly reduced by bisphosphonate treatment in both randomized trials and observational studies. Conclusions Compliant/persistent patients in the “real-world” setting benefit from bisphosphonate treatment to a similar extent as patients in randomized trials.
T2K reports its first measurements of the parameters governing the disappearance of νover ¯_{μ} in an off-axis beam due to flavor change induced by neutrino oscillations. The quasimonochromatic νover ...¯_{μ} beam, produced with a peak energy of 0.6 GeV at J-PARC, is observed at the far detector Super-Kamiokande, 295 km away, where the νover ¯_{μ} survival probability is expected to be minimal. Using a data set corresponding to 4.01×10^{20} protons on target, 34 fully contained μ-like events were observed. The best-fit oscillation parameters are sin^{2}(θover ¯_{23})=0.45 and |Δmover ¯_{32}^{2}|=2.51×10^{-3} eV^{2} with 68% confidence intervals of 0.38-0.64 and 2.26-2.80×10^{-3} eV^{2}, respectively. These results are in agreement with existing antineutrino parameter measurements and also with the ν_{μ} disappearance parameters measured by T2K.
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