In their Manifesto of the Communist Party, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels write: The proletariat will use its political supremacy to wrest, by degree, all capital from the bourgeoisie, to centralise ...all instruments of production in the hands of the State, i.e., of the proletariat organised as the ruling class; and to increase the total productive forces as rapidly as possible. Of course, in the beginning, this cannot be effected except by means of despotic inroads despotischer Eingriffe on the rights of property, and on the conditions of bourgeois production. It is a striking passage that puts especially sharply a point they drive home over the course of their preceding dialogue with an imagined bourgeois interlocutor. That interlocutor repeatedly challenges communism on the...
Marxism is a materialist theory that centers economic life in its analysis of the human social world. This materialist orientation manifests in explanations that take economic class to play a ...fundamental causal role in determining the emergence, character, and development of race-and sex-based oppression—indeed, of all forms of identity-based oppression within class societies. To say that labor is mediated by class in a class-based society is to say that, in such societies, the class-based division of that activity which produces and reproduces the human species is the definite form in which labor appears, and that the human life which is the product of that self-making activity bears its stamp. Marxism’s emphasis on economic factors as central in the constitution and development of human life has been seized upon as evidence of its alleged “class reductionism”—its supposed tendency to think of all aspects of human life as direct and simple expressions of a class relation. No such thing follows; quite the opposite, a correct understanding of the relationships among capitalism, racism, and sexism only further highlights how central the struggle against each is to the struggles against any of the others.
Background: Traditional management of choledocholithiasis has been supraduodenal choledochotomy, duct exploration and insertion of a T‐tube. This study reviews the complications associated with ...T‐tube use and assesses whether laparoscopic procedures are associated with an increase in complications relating to T‐tube use.
Methods: Case records from two large public hospitals in New South Wales (Australia) were analysed retrospectively for a 10‐year period using a standardized data collection form. Morbidity, mortality and potential factors influencing the complication rate after choledochotomy and T‐tube insertion were recorded. All complications were reviewed by an experienced biliary surgeon.
Results: T‐tubes were inserted in 274 patients, with 42 patients (15.3%) experiencing a total of 60 complications relating to T‐tube use. Morbidity occurring while the tube was in situ included fluid and electrolyte disturbance (five patients), sepsis (10 patients), premature dislodgement (three patients) and bile leakage (six patients). Complications resulting after planned tube removal included localized pain (13 patients), biliary peritonitis (seven patients), a prolonged biliary fistula (seven patients) and a late bile duct stricture (one patient). T‐tube complications resulted in a prolonged hospital stay (19 days vs 13 days, P = 0.005), 10 additional abdominal operations and two deaths. Complications related to T‐tubes were constant over the study period and were similar between laparoscopic and open cases (13.8%vs 15.5%, P = 0.81).
Conclusions: Although this retrospective review is likely to have underestimated the incidence of T‐tube complications, it has demonstrated significant morbidity associated with T‐tube use. The incidence of these complications has been constant and is unrelated to a laparoscopic approach.
Abstract
Recent developments in oncology have revealed that nerve outgrowth in the tumor microenvironment is essential to the progression of many human cancers. In esophageal cancer, the presence and ...role of nerves and is unclear. In this study, nerves were identified within the tumor microenvironment of esophageal cancer and were associated with the squamous subtype of the disease (p=0.044). Additionally, the surrounding or invasion of nerves by cancer cells (perineural invasion) was detected in 12% of esophageal cancers and was associated with poor patient survival (p=0.038). Nerves were found to express the TrkA and p75NTR receptors for nerve growth factor (NGF) and an association was observed between high production of NGF by cancer cells and the presence of nerves (p=0.022). In vitro, esophageal cancer cells were able to induce neurite outgrowth in PC12 neuronal cells and this neurotrophic activity was inhibited by anti-NGF blocking antibodies. In squamous cell carcinoma tissues, TrkA expression was found to be strongly increased in compared to both adenocarcinoma and normal oesophageal tissue (p<0.0001). The selective pharmacological inhibitor of NTRK1, GNF-5837, induced a decreased esophageal cancer cell proliferation, invasion and migration. Together, these data demonstrate that innervation is a significant feature in esophageal cancers that may be driven by cancer cell-released NGF. Therefore, this study reveals that interventions against the NGF-TrkA signaling pathway may have the potential to target cancer cells and inhibit cancer neurogenesis.
Citation Format: Nathan Griffin, Fangfang Gao, Phillip Jobling, Vanessa Wills, Marjorie M. Walker, Sam Faulkner, Hubert Hondermarck. The clinicopathological significance of nerves and NGF receptors in esophageal cancer abstract. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 6036.
Operational issues within the clean development mechanism (CDM) - what is clean development mechanism - overview of research - Kyoto Protocol - challenges - environmental integrity - economic ...benefits and incentives - global warming - judicial safeguards - path forward.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), established under the Kyoto Protocol, is the primary international offset programme, generating carbon offsets through investments in greenhouse gas reduction ...(certified emission reductions (CERs)), avoidance, and sequestration projects in developing countries. Developed countries can use CERs to cost-effectively achieve their emission reductions targets under the Kyoto Protocol. The CDM is therefore seen as "innovative", bridging the gap between developed and developing countries. While CDM has grown into an important instrument of the Kyoto Protocol, it has also posed a number of considerable challenges for the future in terms of its framework and functionality, as well as its lack of financial resources, together plaguing it since inception. This continues to give rise to questions around the CDM's longevity in its current state. With tremendous growth since the first project was registered on 18 November 2004, the CDM has become an immense global market. It continues to expand, with the United Nations Framework for Convention on Climate Change projecting 2,394,075,697 CERs will be issued by the end of 2015. The analysis in this article highlights the operational issues within the CDM, demonstrating its perverse incentives and ambivalent attitude towards poverty and poverty-ridden countries. The analysis concludes that, ultimately, the CDM in its current form is unsustainable, and has fallen short of effectively achieving its objectives - to promote sustainable development in developing countries and to assist countries in achieving compliance with their emission reductions commitments, and to mitigate climate change. Therefore, the future of the CDM, its objectives, implementation and framework must be taken into account when assessing the future of the Kyoto Protocol and a new climate change treaty at Paris 2015.
Focuses on the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), the primary international offset mechanism established under the Kyoto Protocol to generate carbon offsets through investments in greenhouse gas ...reduction, avoidance and sequestration projects in developing countries. Explains why the CDM was established, describes its goals and briefly describes some of its projects and governance. Describes six of the challenges for the CDM. Comments on whether the CDM contributes to sustainable development and poverty reduction. Describes the role of legal reform and the need for judicial review of some decisions made under the CDM. Discusses the future of the CDM in a 'post-Kyoto world'. Source: National Library of New Zealand Te Puna Matauranga o Aotearoa, licensed by the Department of Internal Affairs for re-use under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 New Zealand Licence.
Operational issues within the clean development mechanism (CDM) - what is clean development mechanism - overview of research - Kyoto Protocol - challenges - environmental integrity - economic ...benefits and incentives - global warming - judicial safeguards - path forward.
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