The book is divided into two encompassing sections: Part I - Basic Statistical Tests and Part II - Advanced Statistical Tests. Part I includes 9 basic statistical tests, and Part II includes 7 ...advanced statistical tests. Each chapter provides the name of a basic or advanced statistical test, a brief description, examples of when to use each, a sample scenario, and a sample results section write-up. Depending on the test and need, most chapters provide a table and/or figure to accompany the write-up.
Although the majority of empirical commitment research has adopted a variable-centered approach, the person-centered or profiles approach is gaining traction. One challenge in the commitment profiles ...literature is that names are attached to profiles based on the within-study comparison among profiles and their relative levels and shapes. Thus, it is possible that different studies name the same profiles differently or different profiles similarly because of the context of the other profiles in the study. A meta-analytic approach, combined with multilevel latent profile analysis (LPA) that accounts for both within- and between-sample variability, is used in this study to examine the antecedents and outcomes of commitment profiles. This helps solve the naming problem by examining multiple data sets (K = 40) with a large sample (N = 16,052), obtained by contacting commitment researchers who voluntarily supplied primary data to bring further consensus about the phenomenology of profiles. LPA results revealed 5 profiles (Low, Moderate, AC-dominant, AC/NC-dominant, and High). Meta-analytic results revealed that high levels of bases of commitment were associated with value-based profiles whereas low levels were associated with weak commitment profiles. Additionally, value-based profiles were associated with older, married, and less educated participants than the weak commitment profiles. Regarding outcomes of commitment, profiles were found to significantly relate to focal behaviors (e.g., performance, tenure, and turnover) and discretionary behaviors (e.g., organizational citizenship behaviors). Value-based profiles were found to have higher levels of both focal and discretionary behaviors for all analyses. Implications for the commitment and profile literature are discussed.
This Monte Carlo study investigated the impacts of measurement noninvariance across groups on major parameter estimates in latent growth modeling when researchers test group differences in initial ...status and latent growth. The average initial status and latent growth and the group effects on initial status and latent growth were investigated in terms of Type I error and bias. The location and magnitude of noninvariance across groups was related to the location and magnitude of bias and Type I error in the parameter estimates. That is, noninvariance in factor loadings and intercepts was associated with the Type I error inflation and bias in the parameter estimates of the slope factor (or latent growth) and the intercept factor (or initial status), respectively. As noninvariance became large, the degree of Type I error and bias also increased. On the other hand, a correctly specified second-order latent growth model yielded unbiased parameter estimates and correct statistical inferences. Other findings and implications on future studies were discussed.
In latent growth modeling, measurement invariance across groups has received little attention. Considering that a group difference is commonly of interest in social science, a Monte Carlo study ...explored the performance of multigroup second-order latent growth modeling (MSLGM) in testing measurement invariance. True positive and false positive rates in detecting noninvariance across groups in addition to bias estimates of major MSLGM parameters were investigated. Simulation results support the suitability of MSLGM for measurement invariance testing when either forward or iterative likelihood ratio procedure is applied.
Would You Give Me Your Password? Du, Hui; Lehmann, Constance M.; Willson, Victor L.
The Journal of information systems,
06/2022, Letnik:
36, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
ABSTRACT
We examine the effect of information security policy on the likelihood of password sharing in a simulated work environment where ethical values are also expected to guide individuals to do ...the “right thing.” Graduate and undergraduate students who participated in our study received a “reminder” of the organizational information security policy or a “reminder” of the code of ethics while they were completing the experimental tasks. All participants were asked to share their password with their trusted assistant; the password was either for their desktop or for a spreadsheet containing sensitive customer information. Our results suggest that presenting the organizational information security policy was associated with a lower likelihood of password sharing than presenting the code of ethics. In addition, the participants did not differentiate between the type of password requested for desktop access and for spreadsheet access. Our study provides timely and practical insights to improve security of systems.
Data Availability: Data available from the first author.
This meta-analytic study provides a systematic statistical synthesis of the effects of output tasks on second or foreign incidental vocabulary learning. A total of 12 studies were included in this ...meta-analysis. Five mediator variables were examined: design quality, types of output task, time on task, genres of text, and text—target word ratios. Results show that language learners who completed an output task outperformed those who only read a text. Results also support the involvement load hypothesis: Language learners who performed a task with a higher degree of involvement load, gained more vocabulary. Studies with high and medium levels of design quality were more likely to detect statistically significant differences among groups with different output tasks, compared to studies with a low level of design quality. Furthermore, results indicate that time on task had positive effects on vocabulary learning. Learners who read a combination of expository and narrative text gained more vocabulary than those who only read either an expository or narrative text. Learners who read a text with text—target word ratios of less than or equal to 2% did not learn significantly more vocabulary than those who read a text with a ratio of 2% to 5%.
The present meta-analysis examines the effect of grade retention on academic outcomes and investigates systemic sources of variability in effect sizes. Using multilevel modeling (MLM), the authors ...investigate characteristics of 207 effect sizes across 22 studies published between 1990 and 2007 at two levels: the study (between) and individual (within) levels. Design quality is a study-level variable. Individual-level variables are median grade retained and median number of years postretention. Quality of design is associated with less negative effects. Years postretention is negatively associated with retention effects, and this effect is stronger for studies using grade comparisons versus age comparisons. The results challenge the widely held view that retention has a negative impact on achievement. Suggestions for future research are discussed.
The prevalence of child maltreatment and its association with future violence makes identifying ways to intervene with victims and prevent subsequent violence increasingly important. Child ...maltreatment is any form of child abuse or child neglect resulting in actual or potential harm to a child's health, survival, development or dignity. Self-reported data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health were used to further understanding of a commonly described cycle of interpersonal violence where the experience of childhood maltreatment predicts victimization and perpetration of youth violence in adolescence and intimate partner violence in adulthood. Using a nationally representative sample, we examine how both gender and the experience of caring relationships with teachers could affect the cycle. Physical abuse was associated with youth violence victimization and perpetration, and neglect was associated with youth violence victimization. Youth violence victimization was related to IPV perpetration and victimization. For males, youth violence perpetration was associated with only IPV victimization, while for females, youth violence perpetration was associated with IPV perpetration and victimization. For males with low perceptions of having a caring teacher, youth violence victimization and perpetration were strongly correlated. Implications are discussed.
Growth mixture modeling (GMM) is a relatively new technique for analyzing longitudinal data. However, when applying GMM, researchers might assume that the higher level (nonrepeated measure) units ...(e.g., students) are independent from each other even though it might not always be true. This article reports the results of a simulation study examining the impact of ignoring a higher level nesting structure in multilevel GMM. Three-level longitudinal clustered data were generated and then analyzed with the correct 3-level model and the incorrect model that ignored the highest level of nesting structure separately. The simulation results showed that although over 90% of the replications resulted in the correct class solution under both true and misspecified models, ignoring a higher level nesting structure could still result in lower classification accuracy, overestimated lower level variance components, and biased standard errors. The biased standard errors in turn affect the tests of significance for the fixed effects.
Online learning often requires learners to be self-directed and engaged. The present study examined students' self-regulatory behaviors in online video-based learning environments. Using an ...experimental design, this study investigated the effects of a newly designed enhanced video learning environment, which was designed to support or scaffold students' self-regulated or self-directed learning on students' learning behaviors and outcomes. In addition, correspondence between students' self-regulation strategies in traditional learning environments and observed self-regulated learning behaviors in the enhanced video environment were examined. A cross-sectional experimental research design with systematic random assignment of participants to either the control condition (common video) or the experimental condition (enhanced video) was utilized. Undergraduate and graduate students participated in the study (N = 80). Study results indicate that the newly designed enhanced video learning environment was a superior instructional tool than the common video learning environment in terms students' learning performance. In addition, there was correspondence between graduate students' self-reported self-regulation and observed self-regulation, with those high on seeking/learning information and managing their environment/behavior more likely to engage more in interactive note-taking.
•We designed a new online enhanced video environment.•The effect of interactivity on students' learning outcomes and behaviors were examined.•A cross-sectional experimental research design was utilized.•Interactivity affected students' performance in online video-based learning environments.•Positive relationship between students' self-regulation and interactivity was found.
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