Olive (Olea europaea L.) was one of the most important fruit trees in the ancient Mediterranean region and a founder species of horticulture in the Mediterranean Basin. Different views have been ...expressed regarding the geographical origins and timing of olive cultivation. Since genetic studies and macro-botanical remains point in different directions, we turn to another proxy – the palynological evidence. This study uses pollen records to shed new light on the history of olive cultivation and large-scale olive management. We employ a fossil pollen dataset composed of high-resolution pollen records obtained across the Mediterranean Basin covering most of the Holocene. Human activity is indicated when Olea pollen percentages rise fairly suddenly, are not accompanied by an increase of other Mediterranean sclerophyllous trees, and when the rise occurs in combination with consistent archaeological and archaeobotanical evidence. Based on these criteria, our results show that the southern Levant served as the locus of primary olive cultivation as early as ~6500 years BP (yBP), and that a later, early/mid 6th millennium BP cultivation process occurred in the Aegean (Crete) – whether as an independent large-scale management event or as a result of knowledge and/or seedling transfer from the southern Levant. Thus, the early management of olive trees corresponds to the establishment of the Mediterranean village economy and the completion of the ‘secondary products revolution’, rather than urbanization or state formation. From these two areas of origin, the southern Levant and the Aegean olive cultivation spread across the Mediterranean, with the beginning of olive horticulture in the northern Levant dated to ~4800 yBP. In Anatolia, large-scale olive horticulture was palynologically recorded by ~3200 yBP, in mainland Italy at ~3400 yBP, and in the Iberian Peninsula at mid/late 3rd millennium BP.
Southern Anatolia is a highly significant area within the Mediterranean, particularly in terms of understanding how agriculture moved into Europe from neighbouring regions. This study uses pollen, ...palaeoclimate and archaeological evidence to investigate the relationships between demography and vegetation change, and to explore how the development of agriculture varied spatially. Data from 21 fossil pollen records have been transformed into forested, parkland and open vegetation types using cluster analysis. Patterns of change have been explored using non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) and through analysis of indicator groups, such as an Anthropogenic Pollen Index, and Simpson’s Diversity. Settlement data, which indicate population densities, and summed radiocarbon dates for archaeological sites have been used as a proxy for demographic change. The pollen and archaeological records confirm that farming can be detected earlier in Anatolia in comparison with many other parts of the Mediterranean. Dynamics of change in grazing indicators and the OJCV (Olea, Juglans, Castanea and Vitis) index for cultivated trees appear to match cycles of population expansion and decline. Vegetation and land use change is also influenced by other factors, such as climate change. Investigating the early impacts of anthropogenic activities (e.g. woodcutting, animal herding, the use of fire and agriculture) is key to understanding how societies have modified the environment since the mid–late Holocene, despite the capacity of ecological systems to absorb recurrent disturbances. The results of this study suggest that shifting human population dynamics played an important role in shaping land cover in central and southern Anatolia.
•Long core was investigated in terms of ostracods, pollen and stable isotopes.•Cyprideis torosa was dominant during the late glacial in the brackish conditions.•There is a transition from ...oligotrophic to eutrophic conditions at the end of YD.•Relatively wet and dry phases have been observed through the core.•Older Dryas, Allerød interstadial, and Younger Dryas can be discernable in core.
This study investigates the ostracod assemblages obtained from a sediment core from a paleolake in the Sağlık plain in south-central Anatolia (Turkey). In addition to ostracods, oxygen and carbon stable isotopes of ostracod shells were analysed and pollen analysis of the core undertaken. The sediments comprise the Late Glacial and early Holocene interval with an approximate 14C age from 18,000 to 6700 14C years ago, after applying a correction for reservoir effects. Eight podocopid ostracod species were recorded, among them Cyprideis torosa and Candona sp. which were used for stable oxygen and carbon isotope analyses. C. torosa dominated during the Late Glacial while Candona sp. dominated most of the early Holocene assemblages. Both forms of C. torosa disappear abruptly close to the onset of the Holocene. Around this time, ostracod preservation was dominated by many black coloured valves and carapaces.
Based on ostracod assemblage data and isotope analyses, relatively wet phases were identified for the Older Dryas, Younger Dryas, and during the mid-Holocene at around 7500 14C years ago. Relatively dry phases were identified during the Allerød interstadial, at the end of YD, and at about 6700 14C years ago. An oligotrophic and brackish lake persisted until shortly before the end of the YD, when, according to the δ 13C values, conditions gradually became more eutrophic. The sudden disappearance of C. torosa at the end of the YD seems the consequence of anoxic bottom water conditions and/or eutrophication.
Alternating wet and dry phases characterize the early Holocene, with a longer period of wet and oligotrophic conditions around 7500 14C years ago (ca. 8300 calBP). Ostracod assemblages and isotope records indicate a dry and more productive lake around 6700 14C years ago (ca. 7550 calBP).
Quantitative reconstructions of past land cover are
necessary to determine the processes involved in climate–human–land-cover
interactions. We present the first temporally continuous and most ...spatially
extensive pollen-based land-cover reconstruction for Europe over the
Holocene (last 11 700 cal yr BP). We describe how vegetation cover has been
quantified from pollen records at a 1∘ × 1∘ spatial scale
using the “Regional Estimates of VEgetation Abundance from Large Sites”
(REVEALS) model. REVEALS calculates estimates of past regional vegetation
cover in proportions or percentages. REVEALS has been applied to 1128 pollen
records across Europe and part of the eastern Mediterranean–Black
Sea–Caspian corridor (30–75∘ N, 25∘ W–50∘ E) to reconstruct the percentage cover of 31 plant taxa
assigned to 12 plant functional types (PFTs) and 3 land-cover types (LCTs).
A new synthesis of relative pollen productivities (RPPs) for European plant
taxa was performed for this reconstruction. It includes multiple RPP values
(≥2 values) for 39 taxa and single values for 15 taxa (total of 54
taxa). To illustrate this, we present distribution maps for five taxa
(Calluna vulgaris, Cerealia type (t)., Picea abies, deciduous Quercus t. and evergreen Quercus t.) and three land-cover types (open
land, OL; evergreen trees, ETs; and summer-green trees, STs) for eight selected
time windows. The reliability of the REVEALS reconstructions and issues
related to the interpretation of the results in terms of landscape openness
and human-induced vegetation change are discussed. This is followed by a
review of the current use of this reconstruction and its future potential
utility and development. REVEALS data quality are primarily determined by
pollen count data (pollen count and sample, pollen identification, and
chronology) and site type and number (lake or bog, large or small, one site vs. multiple sites) used for REVEALS analysis (for each grid cell). A large
number of sites with high-quality pollen count data will produce more
reliable land-cover estimates with lower standard errors compared to a low
number of sites with lower-quality pollen count data. The REVEALS data
presented here can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.937075
(Fyfe
et al., 2022).
Alexis de Tocqueville discusses extensively the phenomenon of civil society. He distinguishes between the competence of the state on the one hand and the proper competences of free associations on ...the other. Therefore, the competence of the state should be a limited one. However, since free associations can cause social struggle, the government should also have the ability to limit self-regulation of free associations. Moreover, each government needs a social basis that gives support to this policy of intervention. The central question of this article reads as follows: What method of research is Tocqueville employing to discover this social basis. The conclusion is that his method is to discover what mores form the basis needed by a democratic government to pursue its policy of intervention. Alexis de Tocqueville traite longuement du phénomène de société civile. Il fait une distinction entre la compétence de l'État d'une part, et les compétences propres à la libre association d'autre part. De ce fait, la compétence de l'État devrait être limitée. De plus, puisque les associations peuvent être à l'origine d'une lutte sociale, le gouvernement devrait avoir la capacité de limiter l'auto-réglementation des associations. Par ailleurs, chaque gouvernement a besoin pour soutenir cette politique d'intervention d'une base sociale. La question centrale de cet article est la suivante: quelle méthode de recherche Tocqueville emploie-t-il pour découvrir cette base sociale? Nous arrivons à la conclusion que grâce à sa méthode de recherche, il découvre quelles sont les valeurs nécessaires à un gouvernement démocratique pour poursuivre sa politique d'intervention. Alexis de Tocqueville diskutiert ausgiebig das Phänomen der Bürgergesellschaft. Er unterscheidet zwischen der Kompetenz des Staates auf der einen Seite und den geeigneten Kompetenzen freier Verbände auf der anderen Seite. Deshalb sollte die Kompetenz des Staates begrenzt sein. Da jedoch freie Verbände soziale Auseinandersetzungen verursachen können, sollte die Regierung auch die Fähigkeit besitzen, die Selbstregulation freier Verbände einzuschränken. Mehr noch, jede Regierung braucht eine soziale Basis, die diese Politik der Intervention unterstützt. Die zentrale Frage dieses Artikels ist: Welche Forschungsmethode wendet Tocqueville an, um diese soziale Basis aufzuspüren? Die Schlußfolgerung ist, daß er durch diese Forschungsmethode entdeckt, welche Sitten die Basis formen, die von einer demokratischen Gesellschaft benötigt werden, um eine Politik der Intervention zu verfolgen. Alexis de Tocqueville examina de forma exhaustiva el fenómeno de la sociedad civil. Señala la diferencia entre, por una parte, la competencia del estado y, por la otra, las competencias propias de las asocaciones independientes. Por consiguiente, la competencia del estado debiera ser algo limitado. No obstante, puesto que las asociaciones independientes pueden ocasionar conflictos sociales, el gobierno debiera poseer también la facultad de refrenar la autorregulación de las mismas. Es más, todo gobierno necesita una base social que preste apoyo a esta política de intervención. La pregunta clave de este artículo es la siguiente: ¿Qué método de investigación utiliza Tocqueville para descubrir dicha base social? Se llega a la conclusión de que con su método de investigación, Tocqueville descubre cuáles son las costumbres que componen la base para que un gobierno democrático pueda seguir su política de intervención.
In memoriam: Professor Sytze Bottema Cappers, René T J; Woldring, Henk
Vegetation history and archaeobotany,
06/2006, Letnik:
15, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
10.
Political integration and linguistic plurality Woldring, Henk E.S.
History of European ideas,
1995, 1/1/1995, 1995-01-00, 19950101, Letnik:
20, Številka:
1
Journal Article, Conference Proceeding
Recenzirano
Discusses the relationship between language and cultural identity, with reference to Heidegger's and Hans-Georg Gadamer's theories of language. Concludes that the political integration of Western ...Europe threatens the continuation of various languages, the survival of which will depend on the culture and language policy of governments and the cultural consciousness of the nationalities concerned.
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