The
virus (VZV) or human herpes virus 3 is a neurotropic human alpha herpes virus responsible for chickenpox/varicella and shingles/
(HZ). This review will focus on HZ. Since HZ is secondary to ...varicella, its incidence increases with age. In children and youngsters, HZ is rare and associated to metabolic and neoplastic disorders. In adults, advanced age, distress, other infections (such as AIDS or COVID-19), and immunosuppression are the most common risk factors. HZ reactivation has recently been observed after COVID-19 vaccination. The disease shows different clinical stages of variable clinical manifestations. Some of the manifestations bear a higher risk of complications. Among the possible complications, postherpetic neuralgia, a chronic pain disease, is one of the most frequent. HZ vasculitis is associated with morbidity and mortality. Renal and gastrointestinal complications have been reported. The cornerstone of treatment is early intervention with acyclovir or brivudine. Second-line treatments are available. Pain management is essential. For (secondary) prophylaxis, currently two HZV vaccines are available for healthy older adults, a live attenuated VZV vaccine and a recombinant adjuvanted VZV glycoprotein E subunit vaccine. The latter allows vaccination also in severely immunosuppressed patients. This review focuses on manifestations of HZ and its management. Although several articles have been published on HZ, the literature continues to evolve, especially in regard to patients with comorbidities and immunocompromised patients. VZV reactivation has also emerged as an important point of discussion during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially after vaccination. The objective of this review is to discuss current updates related to clinical presentations, complications, and management of HZ.
Is rosacea a systemic disease Wollina, Uwe, MD
Clinics in dermatology,
11/2019, Letnik:
37, Številka:
6
Journal Article
Recenzirano
AbstractRosacea is a chronic inflammatory facial disease occurring world-wide. The incidence of rosacea is increasing with age, with the clinical course being characterized by relapses. The ...pathogenesis of rosacea is not completely understood, but neurovascular and immunologic mechanisms are involved. Rosacea has a number of known extrinsic triggers that should be avoided, such as sun exposure, heat and cold, alcoholic beverages, and spicy food. Of greater importance is the observation that rosacea may develop as a manifestation of systemic diseases with a significant morbidity and even mortality. Obesity, Helicobacter pylori infection, smoking, and inflammatory bowel disease bear a significant risk for the development of rosacea. Metabolic, psychiatric, and neurologic disorders and certain types of cancer show a significant association with rosacea. The possible link to cardiovascular events is debatable. There are extrafacial and extracutaneous manifestations of rosacea, such as the red scalp syndrome, ocular rosacea, and migraine. Rosacea should be considered a systemic disease.
Seborrheic keratosis (SK) is a common benign epidermal tumor with predominance in adult patients. Whereas common SKs are more frequent in Caucasians, dermatosis papulosa nigra is more prevalent in ...patients with a Fitzpatrick skin type of at least 3. There seems to be a link between extrinsic skin aging and the occurrence of SK. Mutations of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 and other signaling molecules are a frequent finding in SK lesions. However, this does not translate into any malignant potential. Viral infections are particularly common in genital lesions, although their pathogenetic relevance for SK is questionable. Different histologic and clinical subtypes have been identified. The great variability of SKs raises some difficulties in diagnosis. Dermoscopy is the preferred non-invasive diagnostic method, in particular to differentiate pigmented SKs from other pigment tumors, including cutaneous melanoma. Eruptive SKs can be a paraneoplastic condition known as the Leser-Trélat sign. New targeted cancer treatments can cause a pseudo-Leser-Trélat sign. The treatment in practice is mainly minor surgery, including cryosurgery, shave excisions, and laser-assisted removal. The medical approaches have only limited effects. Recently, two formulations for topical therapy have been evaluated: a product with 40% hydrogen peroxide (HP40) and an aqueous nitric-zinc complex. Based on clinical trials, HP40 seems to be a promising alternative to surgery, in particular for facial lesions.
Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is a rare noninfectious neutrophilic dermatosis. Clinically it starts with sterile pustules that rapidly progress and turn into painful ulcers of variable depth and size ...with undermined violaceous borders. The legs are most commonly affected but other parts of the skin and mucous membranes may also be involved. Course can be mild or malignant, chronic or relapsing with remarkable morbidity. In many cases PG is associated with an underlying disease, most commonly inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatic or haematological disease and malignancy. Diagnosis of PG is based on history of an underlying disease, typical clinical presentation, histopathology, and exclusion of other diseases that would lead to a similar appearance. The peak of incidence occurs between the ages of 20 to 50 years with women being more often affected than men. Aetiology has not been clearly determined yet. The treatment of PG is a challenge. Randomized, double-blinded prospective multicenter trials for PG are not available. The best documented treatments are systemic corticosteroids and cyclosporin A. Combinations of steroids with cytotoxic drugs are used in resistant cases. The combination of steroids with sulfa drugs or immunosuppressants has been used as steroid-sparing modalities. Anti-tumor necrosis alpha therapy in Crohn's disease showed a rapid response of PG. Skin transplants and the application of bioengineered skin is useful in selected cases as a complement to the immunosuppressive treatment. Topical therapy with modern wound dressings is useful to minimize pain and the risk of secondary infections. Despite recent advances in therapy, the prognosis of PG remains unpredictable.
Abstract Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is an orphan disease. It belongs to the group of neutrophilic dermatoses. Four major subtypes and several rare manifestations illustrate the great variety of ...clinical presentations and clinical course. PG is potentially life threatening and associated with a number of internal diseases including chronic inflammatory bowel disease, hematologic disorders, and malignancies. PG itself shows extracutaneous manifestations. These findings are in favor of PG as a systemic disease.
Dermatosurgery is a growing subspeciality due to increasing numbers of skin cancer and aesthetic procedures. Patient safety is a major issue in dermatosurgery. Quality management, education, and ...organization are the backbone of patient safety. A simple measure to support patient's safety and to avoid wrong site surgery is preoperative skin marking. Permanent skin markers offer a painless and cost-effective option. To ensure optimal results, the following problems need careful consideration: good viability after disinfection, sterility of the operation field, no sensitization, or toxic effects of the ink. These issues are discussed in detail to allow a safe and successful procedure.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) is a new coronavirus responsible for the pandemic named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). The disease causes SARS with a significant ...morbidity and mortality. We provide a review with a focus on COVID‐19 in dermatology. We discuss triage of suspected infectious patients, protection of medical doctors and nurses. We discuss the available data on cutaneous symptoms, although disease‐specific symptoms have yet not been observed. COVID‐19 is a challenge for the treatment of dermatologic patients, either with severe inflammatory disorders or with skin cancer. The consequences for systemic treatment are obvious but it will be most important to collect the clinical data for a better decision process. Last but not least, education in dermatology for students will not be temporarily possible in the classical settings. COVID‐19, although not a skin disease, by itself has an immense impact on dermatology.
Currently the most powerful tool in combating the COVID‐19 pandemic is vaccination against SARS‐CoV‐2. A growing percentage of the world's population is being vaccinated. Various vaccines are ...worldwide on the market. Several adverse reactions have been reported as a part of post‐marketing surveillance of COVID‐19 vaccines. Among the possible adverse events, cutaneous vasculitis has occasionally been reported. We present a narrative review on cutaneous vasculitis related to COVID‐19‐vaccination to summarize clinical findings, histopathology, treatment and outcome. We searched for “COVID vaccine”, “COVID vaccination” AND “cutaneous vasculitis” in PUBMED. Articles in English have been selected, from inception to December 2021, and analyzed for patient's characteristics, type of vaccine, time of appearance of cutaneous vasculitis and clinico‐histopathologic type. Treatment and outcome have also been considered in this narrative review. Two new unpublished cases of ours were added. Cutaneous vasculitis is a rare adverse event to COVID‐19 vaccination. It has been observed with mRNA and adenovirus‐vector vaccines. IgA vasculitis, lymphocytic and ANCA‐associated vasculitis, leukocytoclastic and urticarial vasculitis have been reported. This adverse event can occur after first or second shot. Most cases run a mild to moderate course. Cornerstone of medical treatment are systemic corticosteroids. Complete remission could be achieved in most patients. Vasculitis may not be considered as a contraindication of vaccination, being uncommonly reported and shows a favorable prognosis. The benefit of the vaccination remains high especially for immunocompromised patients. COVID‐vaccine induced vasculitis is important in the differential diagnosis of purpuric and vasculitis disorders.
Update on cutaneous calciphylaxis Wollina, Uwe
Indian Journal of Dermatology/Indian journal of dermatology,
03/2013, Letnik:
58, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Calciphylaxis is a devastating disorder with a mortality rate of 80% due to sepsis and organ failure. Hallmarks of this rare disease are arteriolar media calcification, thrombotic cutaneous ischemia, ...and necrotic ulcerations. Different mechanisms of vascular calcification can lead to calciphylaxis. Early diagnosis by deep cutaneous ulcer biopsy is most important for prognosis. Here, dermatologists play a significant role although treatment usually needs an interdisciplinary approach. Surgical procedures had been the cornerstone of treatment in the past including parathyroidectomy, but recently new medical treatments emerged aiming to normalize disturbances of minerals to reduce the serum concentration of sodium phosphate and to prevent precipitation and calcification. Multimodal therapy is warranted but only aggressive surgical debridement of cutaneous ulcers has shown significant outcome improvement.
Abstract Pediatric dermatitis seborrhoica (DS) is a common inflammatory disorder of infancy and adolescence distinct from atopic dermatitis. We performed a narrative review on clinical and ...therapeutic aspects of the disease. The prevalence varies geographically and can reach up to 10%. There is a slight male predominance. Although etiopathology is not well known, both endogenous and exogenous factors contribute. Skin microbiome and its interaction with sebaceous gland function is crucial. The inflammatory pathways include innate immune function and skin barrier disturbances. Malassezia spp. and certain bacteria are increased in lesional skin. DS develops in different clinical subtypes, from localized cephalic to disseminated disease with a risk of erythroderma and eczema herpeticatum. Treatment consists of skin care and topical and rarely systemic medical therapy. Cornerstones of treatment are antifungals and mild corticosteroids. Targeted treatment is on the horizon. Pediatric DS is a common disorder important in the differential diagnosis of skin problems in infants and and children. Due to better understanding of its pathogenesis, new treatment options are developed.
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