Let (Ω,A,μ) and (Γ,B,ν) be two arbitrary measure spaces, and p∈1,∞. SetS(Lp(μ))+:={f∈Lp(μ):‖f‖p=1;f≥0μ-a.e.}, that is, the positive part of the unit sphere of Lp(μ). We show that every surjective ...isometry Φ:S(Lp(μ))+→S(Lp(ν))+ can be extended (necessarily uniquely) to an isometric order isomorphism from Lp(μ) onto Lp(ν). A Lamperti form, i.e., a weighted composition like form, of Φ is provided, when (Γ,B,ν) is localizable (in particular, when it is σ-finite). On the other hand, we show that for compact Hausdorff spaces X and Y, if Φ is a surjective isometry from the positive part of the unit sphere of C(X) to that of C(Y), then there is a homeomorphism τ:Y→X satisfying Φ(f)(y)=f(τ(y)) for f∈S(C(X))+ and y∈Y.
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is a highly infectious disease caused by SARS‐CoV‐2. Since its first report in December 2019, COVID‐19 has evolved into a global pandemic causing massive ...healthcare and socioeconomic challenges. HLA system is critical in mediating anti‐viral immunity and recent studies have suggested preferential involvement of HLA‐B in COVID‐19 susceptibility. Here, by investigating the HLA‐B genotypes in 190 unrelated Chinese patients with confirmed COVID‐19, we identified a significant positive association between the B22 serotype and SARS‐CoV‐2 infection (p = 0.002, Bonferroni‐corrected p = 0.032). Notably, the B22 serotype has been consistently linked to susceptibility to other viral infections. These data not only shed new insights into SARS‐CoV‐2 pathogenesis and vaccine development but also guide better infection prevention/control.
Background. Experience from treating patients with Spanish influenza and influenza A(H5N1) suggested that convalescent plasma therapy might be beneficial. However, its efficacy in patients with ...severe pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 virus (H1N1 2009) infection remained unknown. Methods. During the period from 1 September 2009 through 30 June 2010, we conducted a prospective cohort study by recruiting patients aged ≥ 18 years with severe H1N1 2009 infection requiring intensive care. Patients were offered treatment with convalescent plasma with a neutralizing antibody titer of ≥1:160, harvested by apheresis from patients recovering from H1N1 2009 infection. Clinical outcome was compared with that of patients who declined plasma treatment as the untreated controls. Results. Ninety-three patients with severe H1N1 2009 infection requiring intensive care were recruited. Twenty patients (21.5%) received plasma treatment. The treatment and control groups were matched by age, sex, and disease severity scores. Mortality in the treatment group was significantly lower than in the nontreatment group (20.0% vs 54.8%; P = .01). Multivariate analysis showed that plasma treatment reduced mortality (odds ratio OR, .20; 95% confidence interval CI, .06-.69; P = .011), whereas complication of acute renal failure was independently associated with death (OR, 3.79; 95% CI, 1.15-12.4; P = .028). Subgroup analysis of 44 patients with serial respiratory tract viral load and cytokine level demonstrated that plasma treatment was associated with significantly lower day 3, 5, and 7 viral load, compared with the control group (P < .05). The corresponding temporal levels of interleukin 6, interleukin 10, and tumor necrosis factor α (P < .05) were also lower in the treatment group. Conclusions. Treatment of severe H1N1 2009 infection with convalescent plasma reduced respiratory tract viral load, serum cytokine response, and mortality.
Background
HLA‐B*15:11 is associated with carbamazepine (CBZ)‐induced severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions (SCARs) in Japanese and some Asian populations, but such data remains relatively limited ...in Chinese. Routine HLA‐B*15:02 screening is mandatory before CBZ commencement, however, SCARs related to CBZ were still observed in non‐HLA*B‐15:02 carriers.
Objective
We aimed to find out the prevalence of HLA‐B*15:11 in Chinese patients and its associations with CBZ‐induced SCARs.
Method
We screened 8,328 blood samples collected for HLA allele typing before CBZ commencement during the period of January 2014 to December 2019. In HLA‐B*15:02 negative Chinese patients, HLA‐B*15:11 status were further screened, and the incidence of SCARs in the CBZ group was compared with the control group without CBZ use.
Result
In this cohort, 1416 out of 8328 patients (17%) tested HLA‐B*15:02 positive and were advised to avoid CBZ, while 80 (0.96%) were found to be HLA‐B*15:11 positive. In 6911 (83%) patients who tested HLA‐B*15:02 negative, 70 (1.01%) were HLA‐B*15:11 positive. Five out of 70 (7.14%) patients had SCARs. The incidence of SCARs in HLA‐B*15:11 carriers who received CBZ was significantly higher than those without CBZ (17.4% 4/23 vs. 2.13% 1/47, P = 0.037*). The odds ratio was 9.68 (95% CI 1.02–92.4, P = 0.048*). These included: one Stevens‐Johnson syndrome (SJS), two DRESS, and one MPE after CBZ use, while one developed MPE after phenytoin use in control.
Conclusion
HLA‐B*15:11 is a potential risk factor of CBZ‐induced SCARs in HLA‐B*15:02 negative Chinese patients. Further screening of HLA‐B*15:11 status in those HLA‐B*15:02 negative patients is recommended to avoid undesirable SCARs.
Objectives
To develop a local consensus to guide medical practitioners and psychiatrists on the use of bupropion in different psychiatric conditions in Hong Kong.
Methods
By utilizing the modified ...Delphi technique, a group of 10 local physicians with extensive experience in the management of major depressive disorder (MDD) developed and voted (using an anonymous, electronic voting system) on the practicality of recommendation of a set of consensus statements on the clinical use and understanding of bupropion in Hong Kong.
Results
There was a very high degree of agreement among the panelists on the 11 finalized consensus statements.
Conclusions
The present consensus statements are developed as general recommendations for medical practitioners and psychiatrists to be practically referred to in clinical settings.
In this paper, we propose a coding tree unit (CTU)-level rate control scheme from the perspective of SSIM-based rate-distortion optimization to improve the coding efficiency. First, we establish the ...SSIM-based rate-distortion model based on the divisive normalization scheme, which characterizes the relationship between the local visual quality and the coding bits. Then, the established model is applied to the CTU-level rate control and transformed into a global optimization problem solved by convex optimization. Finally, a new model parameter updating strategy for the CTU-level rate control is presented that is robust to scene variations. Our algorithm can achieve optimal CTU-level bit allocation given the bit-rate budget. The experimental results show that our algorithm substantially enhances the coding performance and consistently outperforms both the rate control scheme in the HEVC reference software and existing algorithms in terms of rate-perceptual distortion performance using different test configurations.
Interleukin-21 (IL-21) has broad actions on T and B cells, but its actions in innate immunity are poorly understood. Here we show that IL-21 induced apoptosis of conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) ...via STAT3 and Bim, and this was inhibited by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). ChIP-Seq analysis revealed genome-wide binding competition between GM-CSF-induced STAT5 and IL-21-induced STAT3. Expression of IL-21 in vivo decreased cDC numbers, and this was prevented by GM-CSF. Moreover, repetitive α-galactosylceramide injection of mice induced IL-21 but decreased GM-CSF production by natural killer T (NKT) cells, correlating with decreased cDC numbers. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of wild-type CD4+ T cells caused more severe colitis with increased DCs and interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-producing CD4+ T cells in Il21r−/−Rag2−/− mice (which lack T cells and have IL-21-unresponsive DCs) than in Rag2−/− mice. Thus, IL-21 and GM-CSF exhibit cross-regulatory actions on gene regulation and apoptosis, regulating cDC numbers and thereby the magnitude of the immune response.
► IL-21 induces Bim- and STAT-dependent apoptosis of conventional DCs ► GM-CSF blocks IL-21-induced apoptosis of conventional DCs ► IL-21 inhibits production of GM-CSF ► IL-21 and GM-CSF exhibit cross-regulatory actions on DCs
High dynamic range (HDR) video compression technology, which is capable of delivering a wider range of luminance and a larger colour gamut than standard dynamic range (SDR) technology, has been ...widely used in recent years in many fields, including industrial image processing, digital entertainment, and machine vision. Rate control (RC) is of paramount importance to HDR compression and transmission; accordingly, an RC scheme for HDR in High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) is proposed in this paper. First, considering the HDR characteristics, we propose an HDR-Visual Difference Predictor (VDP)-2-based rate-distortion (R-D) model to improve the coding performance. Second, we directly utilize <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\lambda </tex-math></inline-formula> rather than the bit rate in the optimization process to obtain the optimal solution. Finally, we propose a new model parameter estimation method to further reduce the RC errors. According to our experimental results, significant bit rate reductions in terms of HDR-VDP-2, the Video Quality Metric (VQM) and the mean peak-signal-to-noise ratio (mPSNR) can be achieved on average compared with the state-of-the-art algorithm used in HM16.19.
There is an urgent need for the identification as well as clinicopathological and functional characterization of potent prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). ...Using immunohistochemistry and next-generation sequencing, we investigated the protein expression as well as clinicopathological and prognostic associations of serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 2 (SPINK2) in AML and examined its potential biological functions. High SPINK2 protein expression was an independent adverse biomarker for survival and an indicator of elevated therapy resistance and relapse risk. SPINK2 expression was associated with AML with an
mutation and an intermediate risk by cytogenetics and European LeukemiaNet (ELN) 2022 criteria. Furthermore, SPINK2 expression could refine the ELN2022prognostic stratification. Functionally, an RNA sequencing analysis uncovered a potential link of SPINK2 with ferroptosis and immune response. SPINK2 regulated the expression of certain P53 targets and ferroptosis-related genes, including
and
, and affected cystine uptake, intracellular iron levels and sensitivity to erastin, a specific ferroptosis inducer. Furthermore,
inhibition consistently increased the expression of
, an immune response enhancer and promoter of T-cell activity. Additionally, we identified a potential small-molecule inhibitor of SPINK2, which requires further characterization. In summary, high SPINK2 protein expression was a potent adverse prognostic marker in AML and might represent a druggable target.
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