Background
This study examines the predictive value of a novel systemic immune‐inflammation index (SII, platelet × neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio) in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients.
Methods
A ...total of 5602 CAD patients who had undergone a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were enrolled. They were divided into two groups by baseline SII score (high SII vs low SII) to analyse the relationship between SII groups and the long‐term outcome. The primary outcomes were major cardiovascular events (MACE) which includes nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI), nonfatal stroke and cardiac death. Secondary outcomes included a composite of MACE and hospitalization for congestive heart failure.
Results
An optimal SII cut‐off point of 694.3 × 109 was identified for MACE in the CAD training cohort (n = 373) and then verified in the second larger CAD cohort (n = 5602). Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that a higher SII score (≥694.3) was independently associated with increased risk of developing cardiac death (HR: 2.02; 95% CI: 1.43‐2.86), nonfatal MI (HR: 1.42; 95% CI: 1.09‐1.85), nonfatal stroke (HR: 1.96; 95% CI: 1.28‐2.99), MACE (HR: 1.65; 95% CI: 1.36‐2.01) and total major events (HR: 1.53; 95% CI: 1.32‐1.77). In addition, the SII significantly improved risk stratification of MI, cardiac death, heart failure, MACE and total major events than conventional risk factors in CAD patients by the significant increase in the C‐index (P < .001) and reclassification risk categories by significant NRI (P < .05) and IDI (P < .05).
Conclusions
SII had a better prediction of major cardiovascular events than traditional risk factors in CAD patients after coronary intervention.
The development of reliable and safe high‐energy‐density lithium‐ion batteries is hindered by the structural instability of cathode materials during cycling, arising as a result of detrimental phase ...transformations occurring at high operating voltages alongside the loss of active materials induced by transition metal dissolution. Originating from the fundamental structure/function relation of battery materials, the authors purposefully perform crystallographic‐site‐specific structural engineering on electrode material structure, using the high‐voltage LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) cathode as a representative, which directly addresses the root source of structural instability of the Fd3¯m structure. By employing Sb as a dopant to modify the specific issue‐involved 16c and 16d sites simultaneously, the authors successfully transform the detrimental two‐phase reaction occurring at high‐voltage into a preferential solid‐solution reaction and significantly suppress the loss of Mn from the LNMO structure. The modified LNMO material delivers an impressive 99% of its theoretical specific capacity at 1 C, and maintains 87.6% and 72.4% of initial capacity after 1500 and 3000 cycles, respectively. The issue‐tracing site‐specific structural tailoring demonstrated for this material will facilitate the rapid development of high‐energy‐density materials for lithium‐ion batteries.
Crystallographic‐site‐specific structural engineering is performed on the cathode material structure for lithium‐ion batteries, aiming at the root causes of the instability based on the fundamental structure/function relationship. The high‐voltage spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) cathode with Fd3¯m space group symmetry is employed as a representative, of which two issue‐involved crystallographic sites are directly and simultaneously addressed, contributing to an extraordinarily excellent battery performance.
This paper reports two new fluorine-substituted polymer donors (BO2FC8, BO2FEH), with different side-chain architectures, and a new chlorine-substituted small-molecule acceptor (
m
-ITIC-OR-4Cl) that ...are capable of simultaneous charge and energy transfer as the binary blend active layer for organic photovoltaics. We first resolved the single-crystal structure of
m
-ITIC-OR-4Cl and then used simultaneous grazing-incidence wide- and small-angle X-ray scattering to decipher the multi-length-scale structures—such as the shape and size of aggregated domains and molecular orientation—of the blends of BO2FEH and BO2FC8 with
m
-ITIC-OR-4Cl. The linear side chains of BO2FC8 facilitated its packing and, thus, induced
m
-ITIC-OR-4Cl to form smaller disc-shaped aggregated domains (thickness: 2.9 nm) than its aggregate domain (thickness: 5.4 nm) in the blend of the branched BO2FEH. That is, the binary blend system of linear-side-chain BO2FC8 with
m
-ITIC-OR-4Cl featured larger interfacial areas and more pathways for charge transfer and transport, as evidenced by their carrier mobilities. The highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 11.0% was that for the BO2FC8:
m
-ITIC-OR-4Cl device, being consistent with the predicted PCE of 11.2% using machine learning based on random forest algorism; in comparison, the PCE of the BO2FEH:
m
-ITIC-OR-4Cl device was 6.4%. This study has not only provided insight into the photovoltaic performances of new polymer donor/small-molecule acceptor blends but has also, for the first time, deciphered the hierarchical morphologies—from molecule orientation to nano-domain shape and size—of such blend systems, linking the morphologies to the photovoltaic performances. The use of side-chain architectures suggests an approach for tuning the morphology of the polymer/small-molecule binary blend active layer for use in organic photovoltaics.
Dopamine: Just the Right Medicine for Membranes Yang, Hao‐Cheng; Waldman, Ruben Z.; Wu, Ming‐Bang ...
Advanced functional materials,
February 21, 2018, Letnik:
28, Številka:
8
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Mussel‐inspired chemistry has attracted widespread interest in membrane science and technology. Demonstrating the rapid growth of this field over the past several years, substantial progress has been ...achieved in both mussel‐inspired chemistry and membrane surface engineering based on mussel‐inspired coatings. At this stage, it is valuable to summarize the most recent and distinctive developments, as well as to frame the challenges and opportunities remaining in this field. In this review, recent advances in rapid and controllable deposition of mussel‐inspired coatings, dopamine‐assisted codeposition technology, and photoinitiated grafting directly on mussel‐inspired coatings are presented. Some of these technologies have not yet been employed directly in membrane science. Beyond discussing advances in conventional membrane processes, emerging applications of mussel‐inspired coatings in membranes are discussed, including as a skin layer in nanofiltration, interlayer in metal‐organic framework based membranes, hydrophilic layer in Janus membranes, and protective layer in catalytic membranes. Finally, some critical unsolved challenges are raised in this field and some potential pathways are proposed to address them.
Mussel‐inspired polydopamine is a rising star in membrane science and technology. The most recent advances in polydopamine deposition are highlighted and summarized, as well as its emerging applications in nanofiltration, metal‐organic framework composite membranes, Janus membranes, and photocatalytic membranes.
Understanding the role of the oxidation state of the Cu surface and surface-adsorbed intermediate species in electrochemical CO2 reduction is crucial for the development of selective CO2-to-fuel ...electrocatalysts. In this study, the electrochemical CO2 reduction mechanism over the Cu catalysts with various oxidation states was studied by using in situ surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (SEIRAS), in situ soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy (Cu L-edge), and online gas chromatography measurements. The atop-adsorbed CO (COatop) intermediate is obtained on the electrodeposited Cu surface which primarily has the oxidation state of Cu(I). COatop is further reduced, followed by the formation of C1 product such as CH4. The residual bridge-adsorbed CO (CObridge) is formed on the as-prepared Cu surface with Cu(0) which inhibits hydrocarbon formation. In contrast, the CV-treated Cu electrode prepared by oxidizing the as-prepared Cu surface contains different amounts of Cu(I) and Cu(0) states. The major theme of this work is that in situ SEIRAS results show the coexistence of COatop and CObridge as the reaction intermediates during CO2 reduction and that the selectivity of CO2-to-ethylene conversion is further enhanced in the CV-treated Cu electrode. The Cu catalysts modulated by the electrochemical method exhibit different oxidation states and reaction intermediates as well as electrocatalytic properties.
Accurate etiology diagnosis is crucial for central nervous system infections (CNS infections). The diagnostic value of metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS), an emerging powerful platform, ...remains to be studied in CNS infections.
We conducted a single-center prospective cohort study to compare mNGS with conventional methods including culture, smear and etc. 248 suspected CNS infectious patients were enrolled and clinical data were recorded.
mNGS reported a 90.00% (9/10) sensitivity in culture-positive patients without empirical treatment and 66.67% (6/9) in empirically-treated patients. Detected an extra of 48 bacteria and fungi in culture-negative patients, mNGS provided a higher detection rate compared to culture in patients with (34.45% vs. 7.56%, McNemar test, p < 0.0083) or without empirical therapy (50.00% vs. 25.00%, McNemar test, p > 0.0083). Compared to conventional methods, positive percent agreement and negative percent agreement was 75.00% and 69.11% separately. mNGS detection rate was significantly higher in patients with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) WBC > 300 * 10
/L, CSF protein > 500 mg/L or glucose ratio ≤ 0.3. mNGS sequencing read is correlated with CSF WBC, glucose ratio levels and clinical disease progression.
mNGS showed a satisfying diagnostic performance in CNS infections and had an overall superior detection rate to culture. mNGS may held diagnostic advantages especially in empirically treated patients. CSF laboratory results were statistically relevant to mNGS detection rate, and mNGS could dynamically monitor disease progression.
Defect engineering is a well‐established approach to customize the functionalities of perovskite oxides. In demanding high‐power applications of piezoelectric materials, acceptor doping serves as the ...state‐of‐the‐art hardening approach, but inevitably deteriorates the electromechanical properties. Here, a new hardening effect associated with isolated oxygen vacancies for achieving well‐balanced performances is proposed. Guided by theoretical design, a well‐balanced performance of mechanical quality factor (Qm) and piezoelectric coefficient (d33) is achieved in lead‐free potassium sodium niobate ceramics, where Qm increases by over 60% while d33 remains almost unchanged. By atomic‐scale Z‐contrast imaging, hysteresis measurement, and quantitative piezoresponse force microscopy analysis, it is revealed that the improved Qm results from the inhibition of both extrinsic and intrinsic losses while the unchanged d33 is associated with the polarization contributions being retained. More encouragingly, the hardening effect shows exceptional stability with increasing vibration velocity, offering potential in material design for practical high‐power applications such as pharmaceutical extraction and ultrasonic osteotomes.
A novel strategy is developed for the hardening of piezoelectrics via the mediation of dopant‐exclusive oxygen vacancies to overcome the long‐term issue: the dilemma between the mechanical quality factor and piezoelectricity coefficient. The approach also makes the high‐power performance superior to many state‐of‐the‐art counterparts, offering a possible route to various piezoelectrics for high‐end applications.
Carbon‐based single metal atom catalysts (SACs) are being extensively investigated to improve the kinetics of the Li–S redox reaction, which is greatly important for batteries with cell‐level energy ...densities >500 W h kg‐1. However, there are contradictory reports regarding the electrocatalytic activities of the different metal atoms and the role of the metal atom in LiS chemistry still remains unclear. This is due to the complex relationship between the catalytic behavior and the structure of carbon‐based SACs. Here, the catalytic behavior and active‐site geometry, oxidation state, and the electronic structure of different metal centers (Fe/Co/Ni) embedded in nitrogen‐doped graphene, and having similar physicochemical characteristics, are studied. Combining X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, density functional theory calculations, and electrochemical analysis, it is revealed that the coordination‐geometry and oxidation state of the metal atoms are modified when interacting with sulfur species. This interaction is strongly dependent on the hybridization of metal 3d and S p‐orbitals. A moderate hybridization with the Fermi level crossing the metal 3d band is more favorable for LiS redox reactions. This study thus provides a fundamental understanding of how metal atoms in SACs impact LiS redox behavior and offers new guidelines to develop highly active catalytic materials for high‐performance LiS batteries.
The critical role of single metal atoms is elucidated in LiS redox reactions. The coordination geometry and oxidation state of metal atoms strongly depend on the metal‐sulfur interaction. A moderate metal‐sulfur interaction, arising from the moderate hybridization of metal 3d and S p orbitals with the Fermi‐level crossing the metal 3d band, is more favorable for LiS redox reactions.
In this paper, a systematic research campaign on eighth-mode substrate integrated waveguide (EMSIW) filters is reported. The sizes of these EMSIW resonant cavities are only one-eighth or ...one-sixteenth of a conventional SIW resonant cavity. Two different coupling topologies, i.e., electric coupling and magnetic coupling, are employed between two EMSIW resonant cavities, which are analyzed theoretically via the response of the structure and the relationship between the cavities. Both coupling topologies enable structural variations that possess advantages and flexibility of the second-order EMSIW bandpass filters (BPFs) designing. By utilizing these basic coupling mechanisms, multilayer board technology, and other practical techniques, a class of triple-order SIW BPFs with the merits of compact size and high selectivity are demonstrated. Specifically, several triple-order EMSIW BPFs composed of pure EMSIW cavities or comprised by combining EMSIW and quarter-mode SIW cavities are simulated, fabricated, and measured for verification.
The phosphor‐converted light‐emitting diode (PC‐LED) has become an indispensable solid‐state lighting and display technologies in the modern society. Nevertheless, the use of scarce rare‐earth ...elements and the thermal quenching (TQ) behavior are still two most crucial issues yet to be solved. Here, this work successfully demonstrates a highly efficient and thermally stable green emissive MnI2(XanPO) crystals showing a notable photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 94% and a super TQ resistance from 4 to 623 K. This unprecedented superior thermal stability is attributed to the low electron–phonon coupling and the unique rigid crystal structure of MnI2(XanPO) over the whole temperature range based on the temperature‐dependent photoluminescence (PL) and single crystal X‐ray diffraction (SCXRD) analyses. Considering these appealing properties, green PC‐LEDs with a power efficacy of 102.5 lm W−1, an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 22.7% and a peak luminance up to 7750 000 cd m−2 are fabricated by integrating MnI2(XanPO) with commercial blue LEDs. Moreover, the applicability of MnI2(XanPO) in both micro‐LEDs and organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) is also demonstrated. In a nutshell, this study uncovers a candidate of highly luminescent and TQ resistant manganese halide suitable for a variety of emission applications.
A highly efficient and thermally stable manganese halide crystal, MnI2(XanPO) is demonstrated. The low electron–phono coupling along with rigid crystal structure contributes to excellent photoluminescent quantum yield of 94% with unprecedented near zero thermal quenching from 4 to 623 K. The crystals find their applications in light emitting diodes and micro light emitting diodes with excellent external quantum efficiency (EQE) up to 22.7% and power efficacy as high as 102.5 lm W−1.
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