This study aims to disclose how the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) neuroimaging approach has been applied in education studies, and what kind of learning themes has been investigated in the ...reviewed MRI neuroimaging research. Based on the keywords “brain or neuroimaging or neuroscience” and “MRI or diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) or white matter or gray matter or resting-state,” a total of 25 papers were selected from the subject areas “Educational Psychology” and “Education and Educational Research” from the Web of Science and Scopus from 2000 to 2019. Content analysis showed that MRI neuroimaging and learning were studied under the following three major topics and nine subtopics: cognitive function (language, creativity, music, physical activity), science education (mathematical learning, biology learning, physics learning), and brain development (parenting, personality development). As for the type of MRI neuroimaging research, the most frequently used approaches were functional MRI, followed by structural MRI and DTI, although the choice of approach was often motivated by the specific research question. Research development trends show that the neural plasticity theme has become more prominent recently. This study concludes that in educational research, the MRI neuroimaging approach provides objective and empirical evidence to connect learning processes, outcomes, and brain mechanisms.
Catalytic NH3 synthesis and decomposition offer a new promising way to store and transport renewable energy in the form of NH3 from remote or offshore sites to industrial plants. To use NH3 as a ...hydrogen carrier, it is important to understand the catalytic functionality of NH3 decomposition reactions at an atomic level. Here, we report for the first time that Ru species confined in a 13X zeolite cavity display the highest specific catalytic activity of over 4000 h–1 for the NH3 decomposition with a lower activation barrier, compared to most reported catalytic materials in the literature. Mechanistic and modeling studies clearly indicate that the N–H bond of NH3 is ruptured heterolytically by the frustrated Lewis pair of Ruδ+–Oδ− in the zeolite identified by synchrotron X-rays and neutron powder diffraction with Rietveld refinement as well as other characterization techniques including solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, in situ diffuse reflectance infrared transform spectroscopy, and temperature-programmed analysis. This contrasts with the homolytic cleavage of N–H displayed by metal nanoparticles. Our work reveals the unprecedented unique behavior of cooperative frustrated Lewis pairs created by the metal species on the internal zeolite surface, resulting in a dynamic hydrogen shuttling from NH3 to regenerate framework Brønsted acid sites that eventually are converted to molecular hydrogen.
This study intends to clarify the discrepancies on the effect of precursor size, chemical composition, and thermal behavior of Na‐titanate obtained through a conventional hydrothermal reaction of ...anatase in a highly concentrated aqueous NaOH solution. According to experimental results, as well as that presented in related literatures, ultrafine anatase precursor favors nanofiber formation, whereas larger‐particle anatase precursor forms nanotubes. The formation mechanism, in correlation with the precursor size and the resulting morphology of the obtained titanate product, is described in detail. According to X‐ray Diffraction and Raman analyses, the as‐formed Na‐titanate is considered a quasi‐disordered structure that allows the occupation of a wide range of Na into the titanate structure. An increased Na/Ti ratio is observed with increased temperature, which simultaneously results in a distortion of the titanate structure. Moreover, the as‐synthesized Na‐titanate is thermally unstable and tends to degrade into amorphous clusters after heat treatment at 300°C. Rod‐like Na2Ti6O13 is recrystallized from the amorphous cluster at 700°C–800°C and becomes plate‐like after annealing at 900°C via a parallel assembly of Na2Ti6O13 rods. An additional Na2Ti3O7 phase appears at high temperatures, exhibiting a relatively higher Na/Ti ratio.
•Botvin Life Skills Curriculum was modified based on life experience of Taiwanese children.•Collaborative work model with social media app was adopted to improve the fidelity of intervention.•Life ...skills program improve youth cognitive reappraisal ability.•Life skills program lower boys’ depressive symptoms.
The first peak of emotional distress is during teenage, when children have limited abilities to address challenges following major biopsychosocial changes. In this study, we examined the preliminary effectiveness of a life skills training (LST) program modified on the basis of Taiwan school characteristics and children’s life experiences compared to lectures oriented curriculum. We used the posttest-only control group design with 39 elementary schools, 21 randomly assigned to the experimental group, which received LST, and 18 to the control group, which received education as usual (EAU). There were 8 units in the LST, which consisted of 27 sessions. Demographics, depression, and emotional regulation were measured. Results show that students in the LST group reported significantly higher scores on cognitive reappraisals than those in the EAU group. Furthermore, LST was associated with reduction of depressive symptoms among males but not females. LST and its implications in the East Asian socio-cultural context, development of gender-responsive preventive programs, and the validity of the LST for helping children, are discussed.
Through a dual-ligand synthetic approach, five isoreticular primitive cubic (pcu)-type pillared-layer metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), Zn
(dicarboxylate)
(NI-bpy-44)⋅x DMF⋅y H
O, in which ...dicarboxylate=1,4-bdc (1), Br-1,4-bdc (2), NH
-1,4-bdc (3), 2,6-ndc (4), and bpdc (5), have been engineered. MOFs 1-5 feature twofold degrees of interpenetration and have open pores of 27.0, 33.6, 36.8, 52.5, and 62.1 %, respectively. Nitrogen adsorption isotherms of activated MOFs 1'-5' at 77 K all displayed type I adsorption behavior, suggesting their microporous nature. Although 1' and 3'-5' exhibited type I adsorption isotherms of CO
at 195 K, MOF 2' showed a two-step gate-opening sorption isotherm of CO
. Furthermore, MOF 3' also had a significant influence of amine functions on CO
uptake at high temperature due to the CO
-framework interactions. MOFs 1-5 revealed solvent-dependent fluorescence properties; their strong blue-light emissions in aqueous suspensions were efficiently quenched by trace amounts of nitrobenzene (NB), with limits of detection of 4.54, 5.73, 1.88, 2.30, and 2.26 μm, respectively, and Stern-Volmer quenching constants (K
) of 2.93×10
, 1.79×10
, 3.78×10
, 4.04×10
, and 3.21×10
m
, respectively. Of particular note, the NB-included framework, NB@3, provided direct evidence of the binding sites, which showed strong host-guest π-π and hydrogen-bonding interactions beneficial for donor-acceptor electron transfer and resulting in fluorescence quenching.
Robotics education has gradually been emphasized in contemporary school curricula; however, assessment tools for robotics learning are still limited. Based on Bloom’s Taxonomy of educational ...objectives, this study aimed to develop the Robotics Learning Self-Efficacy Scale (RLSES) with a two-level construct of five dimensions for assessing students’ self-efficacy for learning robotics. A total of 181 elementary, junior high and senior high school students (5th–12th graders) with robotics learning experience were selected as the sample of this study. A questionnaire including 32 candidate items designed for the initial version of the RLSES was administered to the sample. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted and, finally, 16 items were drawn for the final RLSES under five subscales (Comprehension, Practice, Analysis, Application, and Collaboration), with a total explained variance of 85.28%. The Cronbach’s alpha reliability was .97 for the overall scale, ranging from .87 to .95 for the subscales. The inter-correlation analysis showed evidence of discriminant validity. Regression analysis results supported that Practice and Comprehension self-efficacy were significant predictors of Analysis, Application, and Collaboration self-efficacy, confirming the two-level (2 × 3) construct of the RLSES. Significant differences among school levels were found and are discussed.
Near quantitative carbon yields of diesel-range alkanes were achieved from the hydrodeoxygenation of triglycerides over Pd/NbOPO4 under mild conditions with no catalyst deactivation: catalyst ...characterization and theoretical calculations suggest that the high hydrodeoxygenation activity originated from the synergistic effect of Pd and strong Lewis acidity on the unique structure of NbOPO4.
The electrochemical N2 reduction reaction (ENRR), driven by renewable electricity and run under ambient conditions, offers a promising sustainable avenue for carbon‐neutral NH3 production. Yet, to ...efficiently bind and activate the inert N2 remains challenge. Herein, effective and stable electrochemical NH3 synthesis on Sm(OH)3 via enhanced adsorption of hydrogen and dinitrogen by dual integration of sulfur dopants and oxygen vacancies (VO) is reported. The resulting S‐doped lanthanide electrocatalyst attains both a good NH3 yield rate, exceeding 21 μgNH3 h−1 mgcat.−1, and an NH3 faradaic efficiency of over 29% at −0.3 V (vs reversible hydrogen electrode) in an H‐type cell using a neutral electrolyte, figures of merit that are largely maintained after 2 days of consecutive polarization. Density functional theory calculations show that the adsorption energy barrier of N2 on S‐Sm(OH)3(VO) is greatly lowered by the introduction of VO. In addition, the S sites improve the adsorption of hydrogen produced via the Volmer reaction, which is conducive to the formation of the *N–NH intermediate (i.e., the potential determining step, PDS) on adjacent Sm sites, and thereby significantly promotes the reaction kinetics of ENRR. The PDS free energy for the catalyst is comparable with the values at the peak of the ENRR volcano plots of leading transition metal catalyst surfaces.
Herein, effective and stable electrochemical NH3 synthesis on Sm(OH)3 via enhanced adsorption of hydrogen and dinitrogen by dual integration of sulfur dopants and oxygen vacancies is reported, affording both a good NH3 yield rate, exceeding 21 μgNH3 h−1 mgcat.−1, and an NH3 faradaic efficiency of over 29% at −0.3 V (vs reversible hydrogen electrode) in an H‐type cell.
A highly stable condensed three-dimensional framework, Zn(2,6-ndc)(H2O) (Zn-ndc, 2,6-ndc = naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylate, CSD entry: MIMRAB; CCDC no: 182255), and its post-modified Cu/Zn bimetallic ...analogue CuxZn1−x(2,6-ndc)(H2O) (CuZn-ndc, x = 0.45 −0.49) showed remarkably catalytic activity to greatly improve the degradation performances of organic dyes including malachite green (MG), methylene blue (MB), and methyl orange (MO) in the presence of H2O2 without and with natural light illumination. The dye degradation over Zn-ndc and CuZn-ndc both followed the order MG > > MB > MO. In addition, CuZn-ndc displayed greater photocatalytic degradation activity compared to Zn-ndc, resulting in faster degradation rate and higher degradation efficiency. Zn-ndc and CuZn-ndc both retained the crystallinity and photocatalytic activity to degrade MG, MB, and MO dyes over five consecutive usages, implying long-term stability and reusability. Of note, pH exerted an effect on the surface charge of Zn-ndc and CuZn-ndc to decrease dye degradation performances of MB and MO but not MG as the decrease of pH. Further, CuZn-ndc had more negative charges on the surface than Zn-ndc, which provided higher affinity toward dyes and thus facilitated dye degradation. Explorations on mechanism provened that the dye degradation was a H2O2-trigged oxidative degradation process, thus more H2O2 dosage led to higher short-term degradation performances. Moreover, incorporation of Cu(II) would significantly reduce band gap energy of photo-assisted catalysts and also lead to a Cu-based photo-Fenton redox cycle, both of which would produce more hydroxyl radicals and photo-generated holes and electrons as active species. This greatly enhanced the photocatalytic activity to improve the performance of dye degradation process.
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•Zn-ndc and CuZn-ndc have greatly improved the performance of H2O2-trigged dye degradation.•CuZn-ndc has showed higher catalytic activity than Zn-ndc to degrade organic dyes.•Dye degradation over Zn-ndc and CuZn-ndc both follow the order MG > > MB > MO.•Zn-ndc and CuZn-ndc have displayed good long-term activity and stability for dye degradation.•Hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and photo-generated holes (h+) and electrons (e–) are the active species.
An extended network formulated as Cd3(2,6-ndc)3(DMAc)4 showing a 3D 412·63-pcu framework is capable of adsorptive removal of methyl blue dye from aqueous solution, and exhibits selective binding ...towards methyl blue over methyl orange (MO).
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The hydro(solvo)thermal reaction of Cd(NO3)2·4H2O and 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid (2,6-H2ndc) together with di(3-pyridylmethyl)amine, being as structure-direct reagent, in N,N′-dimethylacetamide (DMAc)–MeOH at 120°C afforded a cadmium–carboxylate network, which is formulated as Cd3(2,6-ndc)3(DMAc)4 (1) by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The extended architecture of 1 suits a three-dimensional (3D) six-connected slanted 412·63-pcu framework based on trinuclear Cd3(O2C)6(DMAc)4 clusters being symmetry-related by a 2-fold rotation axis. Dye adsorption explorations for methyl blue, methyl orange (MO), methylene blue (MB), rhodamine B (RB), and methyl yellow (MY) dyes clearly indicate that 1 has exhibited dye capture behavior for methyl blue from an aqueous solution, and can selectively bind methyl blue from a MO–methyl blue mixture. In addition, the thermal stability and photoluminescence properties of the crystalline material have also been studied.
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