Infiltrating immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) influence tumor progression and patient prognosis, making them attractive therapeutic targets for immunotherapy research. A deeper ...understanding of immune cell distributions in the TME in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is needed to identify interactions among different immune cell types that might impact the effectiveness of potential immunotherapies. We performed multiplex immunohistochemistry using a tissue microarray of samples from 302 patients with HCC to elucidate the spatial distributions of immune cell subpopulations (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD66b+, and CD68+) in HCC and normal liver tissues. We analyzed the associations between different immune subpopulations using Pearson's correlation. G(r) functions, K(r) functions and Euclidean distance were applied to characterize the bivariate distribution patterns among the immune cell types. Cox regression and Kaplan‐Meier analysis were used to evaluate the associations between tumor infiltration by different immune cells and patient outcomes after curative surgery. We also analyzed the relationship between the spatial distribution of different immune cell subpopulations with HCC patient prognosis. We found that the immune cell spatial distribution in the HCC TME is heterogeneous. Our study provides a theoretical basis for HCC immunotherapy.
The immune cell spatial distribution in the HCC TME is heterogeneous. And our research provides theoretical basis for immunotherapy of HCC.
The semi-heterogeneous g-C3N4/NaI dual catalytic system-driven C–C bond formation between quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones and arylhydrazines under blue light irradiation has been reported for the first time. ...The photo-generated hole acted as a traceless oxidant to turn over the iodide salt redox catalyst cycle and the photo-generated electron served as a clean reductant to promote the bond formation process. A wide range of 3-arylquinoxaline-2 (1H)-ones were obtained in high yields with excellent functional group tolerance.
Microplastics have been frequently detected in aquatic environments, and there are increasing concerns about potential effects on biota. In this study, zebrafish Danio rerio and nematode ...Caenorhabditis elegans were used as model organisms for microplastic exposure in freshwater pelagic (i.e. water column) and benthic (i.e. sediment) environments. We investigated the toxic effects of five common types of microplastics: polyamides (PA), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polystyrene (PS) particles. Results showed no or low lethality in D. rerio after exposure for 10d at 0.001–10.0mgL−1 microplastics. The PA, PE, PP and/or PVC microplastics with ~70μm size caused intestinal damage including cracking of villi and splitting of enterocytes. Exposure to 5.0mgm−2 microplastics for 2d significantly inhibited survival rates, body length and reproduction of C. elegans. Moreover, exposure to microplastics reduced calcium levels but increased expression of the glutathione S-transferase 4 enzyme in the intestine, which indicates intestinal damage and oxidative stress are major effects of microplastic exposure. Among 0.1, 1.0 and 5.0μm sizes of fluorescently labeled PS, 1.0μm particles caused the highest lethality, the maximum accumulation, the lowest Ca2+ level in the intestine and the highest expression of glutathione S-transferase 4 in nematodes. Taken together, these findings suggest that intestinal damage is a key effect of microplastics; and that the toxicity of microplastics is closely dependent on their size, rather than their composition.
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•Toxicity was comparatively studied on five common types of microplastics (MPs).•MPs with similar size induced intestine enterocyte damages in Danio rerio.•MPs reduced Ca2+ but increased gst-4 expression in intestine of Caenorhabditis elegans.•1.0μm MPs caused stronger toxicity than 0.1 or 5.0μm MPs in Caenorhabditis elegans.•Intestine damages are key effects of pristine MPs mostly dependent on their sizes.
Li‐rich layered oxides with high capacity are expected to be the next generation of cathode materials. However, the irreversible and sluggish anionic redox reaction leads to the O2 loss in the ...surface as well as the capacity and voltage fading. In the present study, a simple gas–solid treatment with ferrous oxalate has been proposed to uniformly coat a thin spinel phase layer with oxygen vacancy and simultaneously realize Fe‐ion substitution in the surface. The integration of oxygen vacancy and spinel phase suppresses irreversible O2 release, prevents electrolyte corrosion, and promotes Li‐ion diffusion. In addition, the surface doping of Fe‐ion can further stabilize the structure. Accordingly, the treated Feox‐2 % cathode exhibits superior capacity retention of 86.4 % and 85.5 % at 1 C and 2 C to that (75.3 % and 75.0 %) of the pristine sample after 300 cycles, respectively. Then, the voltage fading is significantly suppressed to 0.0011 V per cycle at 2 C especially. The encouraging results may play a significant role in paving the practical application of Li‐rich layered oxides cathode.
A simple gas–solid treatment of Li‐rich layered oxides with ferrous oxalate is proposed to uniformly coat a thin spinel phase layer with oxygen vacancies and simultaneously realize Fe‐ion substitution in the surface. The integration of oxygen vacancy and spinel phase suppresses irreversible O2 release, prevents electrolyte corrosion, and promotes Li‐ion diffusion.
Metastasis is the main cause of death in individuals with cancer. Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) can potentially reverse CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) dysfunction, leading to significant ...remission in multiple cancers. However, the mechanism underlying the development of CTL exhaustion during metastatic progression remains unclear. Here, we established an experimental pulmonary metastasis model with melanoma cells and discovered a critical role for melanoma‐released exosomes in metastasis. Using genetic knockdown of nSMase2 and Rab27a, 2 key enzymes for exosome secretion, we showed that high levels of effector‐like tumor‐specific CD8+ T cells with transitory exhaustion, instead of terminal exhaustion, were observed in mice without exosomes; these cells showed limited inhibitory receptors and strong proliferation and cytotoxicity. Mechanistically, the immunosuppression of exosomes depends on exogenous PD‐L1, which can be largely rescued by pretreatment with antibody blockade. Notably, we also found that exosomal PD‐L1 acts as a promising predictive biomarker for ICB therapies during metastasis. Together, our findings suggest that exosomal PD‐L1 may be a potential immunotherapy target, suggesting a new curative therapy for tumor metastasis.
We demonstrate a crucial role for tumor‐released exosomes in promoting metastatic progression. We provide extensive evidence that exosomes from tumor cells act alone as contributors to driving tumor‐specific CD8+ T cell exhaustion in vivo. We also find that exosomal PD‐L1 acts as a promising predictive biomarker for ICB therapies during metastasis.
Due to the scattering and attenuation of light into the water, the underwater image usually appears with color distortion, blurred details, and low contrast. To address these problems, a novel ...two-stage underwater image convolutional neural network (CNN) based on structure decomposition (UWCNN-SD) for underwater image enhancement is proposed by considering the characteristics of underwater imaging. Specifically, the raw underwater image is decomposed into high-frequency and low-frequency based on theoretical analysis of the underwater imaging. Then, a two-stage underwater enhancement network including a preliminary enhancement network and a refinement network is proposed. In the first stage, the preliminary enhancement network, which contains the high-frequency and the low-frequency enhancement networks, is proposed. The high-frequency part is enhanced directly by a deep learning network, and the low-frequency enhancement network is based on the underwater imaging, which is integrated transmission map and background light into joint component map. In the second stage, the refinement network is designed to further optimize the color of the underwater image by considering complexity of underwater imaging. The experimental results of synthetic and real-world underwater images/videos demonstrate that the proposed UWCNN-SD method can perform color correction and enhancement on different types of underwater images. The ablation study verifies the effectiveness of each component, and application tests further illustrate that the proposed UWCNN-SD method can obtain underwater images with higher visual quality. The trained model is available at: https://github.com/wushengcong/UWCNN-SD .
Motion artifacts deteriorate the quality of magnetic resonance (MR) images. This study proposes a new method to detect phase-encoding (PE) lines corrupted by motion and remove motion artifacts in MR ...images. 67 cases containing 8710 slices of axial T2-weighted images from the IXI public dataset were split into three datasets, i.e., training (50 cases/6500 slices), validation (5/650), and test (12/1560) sets. First, motion-corrupted k-spaces and images were simulated using a pseudo-random sampling order and random motion tracks. A convolutional neural network (CNN) model was trained to filter the motion-corrupted images. Then, the k-space of the filtered image was compared with the motion-corrupted k-space line-by-line, to detect the PE lines affected by motion. Finally, the unaffected PE lines were used to reconstruct the final image using compressed sensing (CS). For the simulated images with 35%, 40%, 45%, and 50% unaffected PE lines, the mean peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNRs) of resulting images (mean±standard deviation) were 36.129±3.678, 38.646±3.526, 40.426±3.223, and 41.510±3.167, respectively, and the mean structural similarity (SSIMs) were 0.950±0.046, 0.964±0.035, 0.975±0.025, and 0.979±0.023, respectively. For images with more than 35% PE lines unaffected by motion, images reconstructed with proposed algorithm exhibited better quality than those images reconstructed with CS using 35% under-sampled data (PSNR 37.678±3.261, SSIM 0.964±0.028). It was proved that deep learning and k-space analysis can detect the k-space PE lines affected by motion and CS can be used to reconstruct images from unaffected data, effectively alleviating the motion artifacts.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The first example of the electrocatalytic multicomponent synthesis of 4-chloro/bromo/iodopyrazoles from hydrazines, acetylacetones and sodium halides under chemical oxidant- and external ...electrolyte-free conditions has been developed. Sodium halides played a dual role as a halogenation reagent and a supporting electrolyte. Mechanism studies revealed that the bromination reaction proceeded
via
an ionic pathway, whereas both chlorination and iodination proceeded
via
a radical pathway.
The first example of the electrocatalytic multicomponent synthesis of 4-chloro/bromo/iodopyrazoles from hydrazines, acetylacetones and sodium halides under chemical oxidant- and external electrolyte-free conditions has been developed.
Stress failure and continued growth of the solid electrolyte interface are the main factors contributing to the failure of lithium‐ion batteries with silicon (Si) anode. Conventional porous ...structures typically result in a reduction in the strength and tap density of Si materials. Due to the high melting point and chemical stability of Si, there are limited methods to prepare its porous structure. Here, a method for preparing core–shell gradient porous Si with a high‐strength core and a high‐porosity shell is presented. The high‐strength core can withstand enormous volume change stress. The rich porous structure of the shell ensures the stable existence of SEI. The Si anode material with a core–shell gradient porous structure delivers a discharge capacity of 2127 mAh g−1 (1488 mAh cm−3) after 100 cycles at 1 A g−1, cycling stability with more than 1059 mAh g−1 even after 500 cycles at 2 A g−1, and a rate capability of 1916 mAh g−1 at 4 A g−1. These results suggest that the core–shell gradient porous structure provides a new research strategy to address the stress rupture and continuous SEI growth in Si‐based anode materials during charge/discharge.
A core–shell gradient porous silicon anode with a high‐strength core and high‐porosity shell is reported. The high‐strength core can withstand the volume change stress, while the rich porous structure of the shell ensures the stable presence of SEI. This new structure provides a new research strategy to solve the rapid failure of silicon‐based anode materials during charging and discharging.
The continuous growth of the solid–electrolyte interface (SEI) and material crushing are the fundamental issues that hinder the application of Ge anodes in lithium‐ion batteries. Solving Ge ...deformation crushing during discharge/charge cycles is challenging using conventional carbon coating modification methods. Due to the chemical stability and high melting point of carbon (3500 °C), Ge/carbon hybridization at the atomic level is challenging. By selecting a suitable carbon source and introducing an active medium, we have achieved the Ge/carbon doping at the atom‐level, and this Ge/carbon anode shows excellent electrochemical performance. The reversible capacity is maintained at 1127 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles (2 A g−1 (2–71 cycles), 4 A g−1 (72–1000 cycles)) with a retention of 84 % compared to the second cycle. The thickness of the SEI is only 17.4 nm after 1000 cycles. The excellent electrochemical performance and stable SEI fully reflect the application potential of this material.
Due to the chemical stability and high melting point of carbon (3500 °C), Ge/carbon hybridization at the atomic level is challenging. By selecting a suitable carbon source and introducing an active medium, we have achieved the Ge/carbon doping at the atom‐level, and this Ge/carbon anode shows excellent electrochemical performance.
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