Three‐dimensional (3D) bioprinting has recently advanced as an important tool to produce viable constructs that can be used for regenerative purposes or as tissue models. To develop biomimetic and ...sustainable 3D constructs, several important processing aspects need to be considered, among which crosslinking is most important for achieving desirable biomechanical stability of printed structures, which is reflected in subsequent behavior and use of these constructs. In this work, crosslinking methods used in 3D bioprinting studies are reviewed, parameters that affect bioink chemistry are discussed, and the potential toward improving crosslinking outcomes and construct performance is highlighted. Furthermore, current challenges and future prospects are discussed. Due to the direct connection between crosslinking methods and properties of 3D bioprinted structures, this Review can provide a basis for developing necessary modifications to the design and manufacturing process of advanced tissue‐like constructs in future.
When designing a 3D bioprinting system, the selection of an appropriate crosslinking method is required, to enable successful printability and to ensure cytocompatibility, stability, and sustainability of the resulting tissue constructs. The present work systematically summarizes recent advances made in the development of crosslinking methods and their application in 3D bioprinting.
Precombustion carbon capture is an effective strategy to reduce large‐scale CO2 emissions, which is mainly used in the area of integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plants. Oxygen ...transport membranes (OTMs) were suggested as the air separation unit to produce high purity oxygen for the gasifier. However, the improvement in efficiency was limited. Here, a new IGCC process is reported based on a robust OTM reactor, where the OTM reactor is used behind the coal gasifier. This IGCC‐OTM process fulfills syngas oxidation, H2 production, and carbon capture in one unit, thus a significant decrease of the energy penalty is expectable. The membrane reactor does not use noble metal components, and exhibits high hydrogen production rates, high hydrogen separation factor (103–104), and stable performance in a gas mixture mimicking real syngas compositions from a coal gasifier with H2S concentrations up to 1,000 ppm.
Mixed ionic‐electronic conducting (MIEC) membranes have gained growing interest recently for various promising environmental and energy applications, such as H2 and O2 production, CO2 reduction, O2 ...and H2 separation, CO2 separation, membrane reactors for production of chemicals, cathode development for solid oxide fuel cells, solar‐driven evaporation and energy‐saving regeneration as well as electrolyzer cells for power‐to‐X technologies. The purpose of this roadmap, written by international specialists in their fields, is to present a snapshot of the state‐of‐the‐art, and provide opinions on the future challenges and opportunities in this complex multidisciplinary research field. As the fundamentals of using MIEC membranes for various applications become increasingly challenging tasks, particularly in view of the growing interdisciplinary nature of this field, a better understanding of the underlying physical and chemical processes is also crucial to enable the career advancement of the next generation of researchers. As an integrated and combined article, it is hoped that this roadmap, covering all these aspects, will be informative to support further progress in academics as well as in the industry‐oriented research toward commercialization of MIEC membranes for different applications.
The roadmap involving multidisciplinary research fields, presented by various global experts in their fields, is intended to give an overview on the status and breakthroughs of this evolving and growing interdisciplinary field and provide insights into the challenges driven by the research needs and opportunities in the diverse and rich field of using mixed ionic‐electronic conducting membranes.
Nanomedicine of synergistic drug combinations has shown increasing significance in cancer therapy due to its promise in providing superior therapeutic benefits to the current drug combination therapy ...used in clinical practice. In this article, we will examine the rationale, principles, and advantages of applying nanocarriers to improve anticancer drug combination therapy, review the use of nanocarriers for delivery of a variety of combinations of different classes of anticancer agents including small molecule drugs and biologics, and discuss the challenges and future perspectives of the nanocarrier-based combination therapy. The goal of this review is to provide better understanding of this increasingly important new paradigm of cancer treatment and key considerations for rational design of nanomedicine of synergistic drug combinations for cancer therapy.
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Electrocatalytic conversion of waste nitric oxide into ammonia is a promising approach to achieve sustainable nitrogen fixation. Herein, a CoNi co‐oxides catalyst is designed for NH3 electrosynthesis ...with the merits of facilitating NO adsorption and reducing the reaction energy barrier. By synergistic coupling with anodic NO oxidation, electrocatalytic disproportionation of NO is first realized to simultaneously synthesize value‐added double nitrogen products (NH3 and nitrate) with increased total energy efficiency. Furthermore, decoupled acid–base asymmetric electrolyte design is proposed in a united assembled electrolyzer, enabling a high NH3 production rate (26.27 mg h−1 cm−2) with unit faradaic efficiency and a remarkable nitrate production rate of 68.41 mg h−1 cm−2 at the anode. A low cell voltage of 3.58 V is obtained by optimizing ion agglomeration within the membrane to promote the charge‐ion exchange and electrode kinetics. Technoeconomic analysis demonstrates the economic feasibility of recycling waste NO by the electrocatalytic disproportionation strategy.
Electrocatalytic disproportionation of nitric oxide is achieved in a bipolar membrane based electrolysis system with decoupled acid–base electrolytes, which aims for efficient nitrogen fixation via coupling the cathodic NO reduction reaction with the anodic NO electrooxidation simultaneously.
Under investigation in this paper is a fifth-order defocusing nonlinear Schrödinger equation for the attosecond pulses in the optical fiber communication. Lax pair, one/N-fold
binary Darboux ...transformations and the limit forms of the one-fold binary Darboux transformation for such an equation are obtained. Based on one/N-fold binary Darboux transformations and the limit forms of the one-fold binary Darboux transformation, one- and N-dark soliton solutions are obtained. Soliton amplitude is not affected by the coefficients of the nonlinear-Schrödinger operator, Hirota operator, Lakshmanan-Porsezian-Daniel operator and quintic operator, but soliton velocity is linearly related to them. Overtaking interaction between the two solitons is illustrated. Parallel solitons are formed: soliton width and interval between the parallel solitons are decreased with the increasing value of each and every coefficient of the nonlinear-Schrödinger operator, Hirota operator, Lakshmanan-Porsezian-Daniel operator and quintic operator respectively. For the interactions among the three solitons, e.g. interaction among three overtaking solitons, and interaction between the parallel solitons and a single soliton are displayed. We find that the interactions between the two solitons and among the three solitons are elastic.
Abstract
Under investigation in this paper is a (3+1)-dimensional generalized variable-coefficient shallow water wave equation, which can be used to describe the flow below a pressure surface in ...oceanography and atmospheric science. Employing the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili hierarchy reduction, we obtain the breather and lump solutions in terms of Grammian. We investigate the generation mechanism and conversion of the breathers, lumps and rogue waves. We find that the breather is produced by the superposition of three parts: The soliton part, the periodic wave part and the background part. The angle between the soliton part and the periodic wave part affects the shape of the breather. Considering the influences of the variable coefficients, we observe the breathers propagating on the periodic backgrounds, with double peaks and the breathers propagating periodic with time, respectively. Taking the long-wave limits, we get the rational solutions which describe the lumps. We find that the characteristic lines keep unchanged on the
x
−
y
plane, which means that the lump is similar to a part of the breather. Linear rogue waves only appear on the
y
−
z
plane.
In this paper, we study the
(
2
+
1
)
-dimensional variable-coefficient Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation, which has certain applications in fluids and plasmas. Via the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili hierarchy ...reduction, we derive two types of the breather solutions in terms of Gramian. Based on the first type breather solutions, we observe the breathers and periodic waves, while we observe the breathers and solitons according to the second type breather solutions. Taking the long-wave limits technique for the first type breather solutions, we derive semi-rational and rational solutions. The semi-rational solutions describe the interactions between the rogue waves/lumps and breathers, while the rational solutions give birth to the rogue waves and lumps.
Kinetics data for CO2 thermochemical reduction in an isothermal membrane reactor is required to identify the rate‐limiting steps. A detailed reaction kinetics study on this process supported by an ...La0.9Ca0.1FeO3‐δ (LCF‐91) membrane is thus reported. The dependence of CO2 reduction rate on various operating conditions is examined, such as CO2 concentration on the feed side, fuel concentrations on the sweep side, and temperatures. The CO2 reduction rate is proportional to the oxygen flux across the membrane, and the measured maximum fluxes are 0.191 and 0.164 μmol cm−2 s−1 with 9.5 mol% H2 and 11.6 mol% CO on the sweep side at 990 °C, respectively. Fuel is used to maintain the chemical potential gradient across the membrane and CO is used to derive the surface reaction kinetics. This membrane also exhibits stable performances for 106 h. A resistance‐network model is developed to describe the oxygen transport process and the kinetics data are parameterized using the experimental values. The model shows a transition of the rate limiting step between the surface reactions on the feed side and the sweep side depending on the operating conditions.
Perovskites on the ′brane: Efficient conversion of CO2 into fuels using excess thermal energy is an energy storage technology. An oxygen permeable La0.9Ca0.1FeO3−δ membrane is studied to facilitate CO2 reduction. A resistance‐network model is developed to describe the process and the kinetics data are parameterized using the experimental values. This model shows that the rate‐limiting steps are the surface reactions on the feed‐ and sweep sides under the conditions tested.
•Compare various electrolysis cells based on the Second Law of Thermodynamics.•Validated system model for the optimization of power-to-methane route.•Integrating SOEC and methanation reactor into a ...single reactor.•Higher pressure improves the thermal SOEC-methanation performance.
Renewable power intermittency requires storage for load matching. A system combining a solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) and a methanation reactor (MR) could be an efficient way to convert excess electricity into methane, which can be integrated with the existing natural-gas network. In this paper, a comprehensive exergy analysis is performed for three methane production systems: (i) water electrolysis + Sabatier reactor (SR, CO2 MR), (ii) H2O/CO2 co-electrolysis + MR, and (iii) a single SOEC-MR reactor, is performed. First, we find that in the case of the water electrolysis + SR system, upon replacing the low-temperature electrolysis cell with SOEC, the exergy efficiency is dramatically increased by 11% points of percentage at current densities higher that 8000 A m−2, owing to lower electricity consumption. Second, the type of SOEC, operating mode, and operating conditions are optimized for this system. Results show that H2O/CO2 co-electrolysis + MR performs more efficiently than water electrolysis + SR at high current density, especially when using an intermediate-temperature SOEC. The optimal H/C ratio and temperature are found to be 10.54 and 650 °C, respectively. A pressurized intermediate-temperature SOEC enables the system to achieve better thermal integration and improves the exergy efficiency to over 77.43% at 6 bar. Finally, the single SOEC-MR reactor with a spatial temperature gradient has the potential to improve the exergy efficiency to 81.34% while utilizing a compact system.
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