The transition to secondary school may negatively impact adolescents’ psychosocial and subjective well-being development. However, how subjective well-being develops during secondary school and how ...school contextual factors, including aspects of ability grouping and achievement composition, are associated with the development of subjective well-being still require clarification. This study examined two measures of subjective well-being, life satisfaction and school satisfaction, to investigate the development of subjective well-being during secondary school. Moreover, school context variations in the form of school tracks and school-level achievement were analyzed to examine the extent to which ability grouping and achievement composition were associated with the development of subjective well-being. A large-scale longitudinal German dataset with four measurement points from grades 6 to 10 was analyzed (Time 1:
N
= 1,841;
M
age
= 12.20,
SD
= 0.81; 48.4% female; 45.3% immigrant students). The latent growth model revealed that life satisfaction and school satisfaction decreased statistically significantly during secondary school, yet school satisfaction showed a temporary increase between the end of primary school and right after the transition to secondary school. School tracks did not statistically significantly predict the magnitude of the decline in life satisfaction or school satisfaction. Only school-level achievement composition significantly negatively predicted the decline in life satisfaction, suggesting that students in schools with higher levels of achievement composition had a greater decrease in life satisfaction than their counterparts in schools with lower levels of achievement composition. Taken together, these findings contribute to the knowledge of how life and school satisfaction develop during secondary school and the long-term associations between subjective well-being and school context factors.
Long-term memory (LTM) formation depends on the conversed cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB)-dependent gene transcription followed by de novo protein synthesis. Thirsty fruit flies can be ...trained to associate an odor with water reward to form water-reward LTM (wLTM), which can last for over 24 hours without a significant decline. The role of de novo protein synthesis and CREB-regulated gene expression changes in neural circuits that contribute to wLTM remains unclear. Here, we show that acute inhibition of protein synthesis in the mushroom body (MB) alphabeta or gamma neurons during memory formation using a cold-sensitive ribosome-inactivating toxin disrupts wLTM. Furthermore, adult stage-specific expression of dCREB2b in alphabeta or gamma neurons also disrupts wLTM. The MB alphabeta and gamma neurons can be further classified into five different neuronal subsets including alphabeta core, alphabeta surface, alphabeta posterior, gamma main, and gamma dorsal. We observed that the neurotransmission from alphabeta surface and gamma dorsal neuron subsets is required for wLTM retrieval, whereas the alphabeta core, alphabeta posterior, and gamma main are dispensable. Adult stage-specific expression of dCREB2b in alphabeta surface and gamma dorsal neurons inhibits wLTM formation. In vivo calcium imaging revealed that alphabeta surface and gamma dorsal neurons form wLTM traces with different dynamic properties, and these memory traces are abolished by dCREB2b expression. Our results suggest that a small population of neurons within the MB circuits support long-term storage of water-reward memory in Drosophila.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Purpose: To compare the plaque-removal efficacy of ultra-soft single-headed, triple-headed, and T-shaped toothbrushes and the subjective perceptions of users.Methods: In this randomized, ...single-blind, crossover study, 30 healthy adult participants were randomly divided into three groups of 10, who tested the three types of toothbrushes in differing order, with a 1-week washout period between the tests. Dental plaque scores were recorded before and after toothbrushing, and questionnaires on subjective perceptions after toothbrushing were collected.Results: The participants included 16 female participants and 14 male participants (average age: 29.4 ± 6.7 years). All three toothbrush types were effective in reducing dental plaque by 36-46%; however, the cleaning effect of the ultra-soft single-headed toothbrush was inferior to that of the triple-headed and T-shaped toothbrushes, the difference being statistically significant. The users’ subjective perceptions suggested that the ultra-soft single-headed toothbrush was significantly superior to the other two toothbrush types. Plaque scores for the lower posterior tooth surfaces were higher than those for the upper posterior tooth surfaces, particularly on the left side, for both the ultra-soft single-headed and T-shaped toothbrushes.Conclusion: Healthcare practitioners should identify the type of toothbrush bristles used by individuals and provide appropriate oral health information.
Three organic conjugated small molecules, DTA-DTPZ, Cz-DTPZ, and DTA-me-DTPZ comprising an antiaromatic 5,10-ditolylphenazine (DTPZ) core and electron-donating peripheral substituents with high HOMOs ...(−4.2 to −4.7 eV) and multiple reversible oxidative potentials are reported. The corresponding films sandwiched between two electrodes show unipolar and switchable hysteresis current–voltage (I–V) characteristics upon voltage sweeping, revealing the prominent features of nonvolatile memristor behaviors. The numerical simulation of the I–V curves suggests that the carriers generated by the oxidized molecules lead to the increment of conductance. However, the accumulated carriers tend to deteriorate the device endurance. The electroactive sites are fully blocked in the dimethylated molecule DTA-me-DTPZ, preventing the irreversible electrochemical reaction, thereby boosting the endurance of the memristor device over 300 cycles. Despite the considerable improvement in endurance, the decrement of on/off ratio from 105 to 101 after 250 cycles suggests that the excessive charge carriers (radical cations) remains a problem. Thus, a new strategy of doping an electron-deficient material, CN-T2T, into the unipolar active layer was introduced to further improve the device stability. The device containing DTA-me-DTPZ:CNT2T (1:1) blend as the active layer retained the endurance and on/off ratio (∼104) upon sweeping 300 cycles. The molecular designs and doping strategy demonstrate effective approaches toward more stable metal-free organic conjugated small-molecule memristors.
For surveys of complex issues that entail multiple steps, multiple reference points, and nongradient attributes (e.g., social inequality), this study proposes a new multiprocess model that integrates ...ideal-point and dominance approaches into a treelike structure (IDtree). In the IDtree, an ideal-point approach describes an individual’s attitude and then a dominance approach describes their tendency for using extreme response categories. Evaluation of IDtree performance via two empirical data sets showed that the IDtree fit these data better than other models. Furthermore, simulation studies showed a satisfactory parameter recovery of the IDtree. Thus, the IDtree model sheds light on the response processes of a multistage structure.
Consumer resonance is powerful in affecting a user's image of products and, as this resonance expands with iterative enforcement, the user's buying intention can be strongly altered. In order to ...develop consumer resonance, product messages articulated on a social network site (SNS) must be designed with the proper content and delivered through the proper channels. Using uses and gratifications theory, this study built a model to explain user behavior of consumer resonance on SNSs in dimensions of content gratification, social-relation gratification, and self-presentation gratification to drive increased purchase intention. By presenting two selected product articulates on social websites, we collected 392 samples and used modeling with partial least square to analyze the usable data. Meanwhile, a two-step cluster analysis method was applied to partition the sample into two groups and develop managerial implications by comparing them. The study results show that utilitarian value, tie strength, normative influence, information influence, and self-presentation have significant effects on customer resonance, which in turn influences purchase intention for successful consumer-brand relationship. It is hoped that the research findings might enhance our understanding of user resonance behavior and provide insights into social participants' future purchase intentions.
•The study explores consumer behavior for resonance marketing.•Uses and gratifications needs on SNSs are identified.•The mediating role of consume resonance is identified.•The association between consumer resonance and purchase intention is examined.•The findings provide insights into social participants' future purchase intentions.
γδ T cells are a distinct subgroup of T cells that bridge the innate and adaptive immune system and can attack cancer cells in an MHC-unrestricted manner. Trials of adoptive γδ T cell transfer in ...solid tumors have had limited success. Here, we show that DNA methyltransferase inhibitors (DNMTis) upregulate surface molecules on cancer cells related to γδ T cell activation using quantitative surface proteomics. DNMTi treatment of human lung cancer potentiates tumor lysis by ex vivo-expanded Vδ1-enriched γδ T cells. Mechanistically, DNMTi enhances immune synapse formation and mediates cytoskeletal reorganization via coordinated alterations of DNA methylation and chromatin accessibility. Genetic depletion of adhesion molecules or pharmacological inhibition of actin polymerization abolishes the potentiating effect of DNMTi. Clinically, the DNMTi-associated cytoskeleton signature stratifies lung cancer patients prognostically. These results support a combinatorial strategy of DNMTis and γδ T cell-based immunotherapy in lung cancer management.
New nickel complexes with tridentate phenoxy–amidate–aNHC donor groups were synthesized from the reactions between nickel acetate and imidazolium ligand precursors in net pyridine. An unusual ...degradation pathway was observed, leading to imidazole derivatives occupying the fourth coordination sites in these square planar complexes. A new imidazole-coordinated nickel complex was found to be efficient in catalyzing Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling with aryl chlorides under 3 mol% of catalyst loading. The catalytic activities were superior to those of its reported normal NHC counterpart. Instead of the common procedure of using additional phosphine, the addition of IMes·HCl significantly enhances the product yields of the catalytic reaction.
This study applied a three-step latent class analysis (LCA) approach to explore latent classes of learning strategy use and their moderation effects on the relationships between motivation and ...mathematics performance. The data of 15-year-old students from five East Asian educational systems related to Chinese culture in the Programme of International Student Assessment (PISA) in 2012 were analyzed. The findings indicated that Shanghai, Singapore, Taiwan, and Macau showed three latent classes of learning strategies, whereas Hong Kong had two latent classes. Most students in the five educational systems reported to use the control strategy, some students reported the use of combined learning strategies, and few students reported the use of memorization except for students in Shanghai. Furthermore, we found the moderation effects of learning strategy use on mathematics performance depended on the types of motivation and educational systems. This study provides insights into the advantages of a three-step LCA approach in educational research.
Summary
In plants, the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are the central signaling pathways of the complicated defense network triggered by the perception of pathogen‐associated ...molecular patterns to repel pathogens. The Arabidopsis thaliana MAPK phosphatase 1 (AtMKP1) negatively regulates the activation of MAPKs. Recently, the AtMKP1 homolog of Nicotiana benthamiana (NbMKP1) was found in association with the Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) replication complex. This study aimed to investigate the role of NbMKP1 in BaMV multiplication in N. benthamiana. Silencing of NbMKP1 increased accumulations of the BaMV‐encoded proteins and the viral genomic RNA, although the same condition reduced the infectivity of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 in N. benthamiana. On the other hand, overexpression of NbMKP1 decreased the BaMV coat protein accumulation in a phosphatase activity‐dependent manner in protoplasts. NbMKP1 also negatively affected the in vitro RNA polymerase activity of the BaMV replication complex. Collectively, the activity of NbMKP1 seems to reduce BaMV multiplication, inconsistent with the negatively regulatory role of MKP1 in MAPK cascades in terms of warding off fungal and bacterial invasion. In addition, silencing of NbMKP1 increased the accumulation of Foxtail mosaic virus but decreased Potato virus X. The discrepant effects exerted by NbMKP1 on different pathogens foresee the difficulty to develop plants with broad‐spectrum resistance through genetically manipulating a single player in MAPK cascades.
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