The emergence of drug-resistant microbes has become a threat to global health, and microbial infections severely limit the use of healthcare materials. To achieve efficient antimicrobial therapy, ...supramolecular hydrogels demonstrate unprecedented advantages in medical applications due to the tunable and reversible nature of their supramolecular interactions and the capability of hydrogels to incorporate various therapeutic agents. Herein, antimicrobial hydrogels are categorized according to their inherent antimicrobial properties or based on their roles in encapsulating antimicrobial materials. Moreover, strategies to further enhance the antimicrobial efficacy of hydrogels are highlighted, such as the incorporation of antifouling agents or the enabling of response towards physiological cues. We envision that supramolecular hydrogels, in combination with modern medical technology and devices, will contribute to the development of efficient and safe systems for antimicrobial therapy.
The programmable nature of supramolecular interactions enables various supramolecular hydrogels to perform antimicrobial therapy.
Abstract
Resistance change under mechanical stimuli arouses mass operational heat, damaging the performance, lifetime, and reliability of stretchable electronic devices, therefore rapid thermal heat ...dissipating is necessary. Here we report a stretchable strain sensor with outstanding thermal management. Besides a high stretchability and sensitivity testified by human motion monitoring, as well as long-term durability, an enhanced thermal conductivity from the casted thermoplastic polyurethane-boron nitride nanosheets layer helps rapid heat transmission to the environments, while the porous electrospun fibrous thermoplastic polyurethane membrane leads to thermal insulation. A 32% drop of the real time saturated temperature is achieved. For the first time we in-situ investigated the dynamic operational temperature fluctuation of stretchable electronics under repeating stretching-releasing processes. Finally, cytotoxicity test confirms that the nanofillers are tightly restricted in the nanocomposites, making it harmless to human health. All the results prove it an excellent candidate for the next-generation of wearable devices.
A large amount of evidence has demonstrated the revolutionary role of nanosystems in the screening and shielding of biological systems. The explosive development of interfacing bioentities with ...programmable nanomaterials has conveyed the intriguing concept of nano–bio interfaces. Here, recent advances in functional biointegrated devices through the precise programming of nano–bio interactions are outlined, especially with regard to the rational assembly of constituent nanomaterials on multiple dimension scales (e.g., nanoparticles, nanowires, layered nanomaterials, and 3D‐architectured nanomaterials), in order to leverage their respective intrinsic merits for different functions. Emerging nanotechnological strategies at nano–bio interfaces are also highlighted, such as multimodal diagnosis or “theragnostics”, synergistic and sequential therapeutics delivery, and stretchable and flexible nanoelectronic devices, and their implementation into a broad range of biointegrated devices (e.g., implantable, minimally invasive, and wearable devices). When utilized as functional modules of biointegrated devices, these programmable nano–bio interfaces will open up a new chapter for precision nanomedicine.
Recent advances in biointegrated devices are attributed to the precise programming of nano–bio interactions, especially with regard to the rational assembly of constituent nanomaterials on multiple dimension scales. Their respective intrinsic merits are leveraged for different functions, such as multimodal theragnostics and smart therapeutics delivery, permitting their implementation into a variety of functional biointegrated devices, including flexible nanoelectronic devices.
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a type of chronic inflammatory disorder that interferes with the patient's lifestyle and, in extreme situations, can be deadly. Fortunately, with the ...ever-deepening understanding of the pathological cause of IBD, recent studies using nanozyme-based materials have indicated the potential toward effective IBD treatment. In this review, the recent advancement of nanozymes for the treatment of enteritis is summarized from the perspectives of the structural design of nanozyme-based materials and therapeutic strategies, intending to serve as a reference to produce effective nanozymes for moderating inflammation in the future. Last but not least, the potential and current restrictions for using nanozymes in IBD will also be discussed. In short, this review may provide a guidance for the development of innovative enzyme-mimetic nanomaterials that offer a novel and efficient approach toward the effective treatment of IBD.
Aberrant glucose metabolism and immune evasion are recognized as two hallmarks of cancer, which contribute to poor treatment efficiency and tumor progression. Herein, a novel material system ...consisting of a glucose and TEMPO (2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidin‐1‐yl)oxyl) at the distal ends of PEO‐b‐PLLA block copolymer (glucose‐PEO‐b‐PLLA‐TEMPO), is designed to encapsulate clinical therapeutics CUDC101 and photosensitizer IR780. The specific core–shell rod structure formed by the designed copolymer renders TEMPO radicals excellent stability against reduction‐induced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) silence. Tumor‐targeting moiety endowed by glucose provides the radical copolymer outstanding multimodal imaging capabilities, including MRI, photoacoustic imaging, and fluorescence imaging. Efficient delivery of CUDC101 and IR780 is achieved to synergize the antitumor immune activation through IR780‐mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) and CUDC101‐triggered CD47 inhibition, showing M1 phenotype polarization of tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs). More intriguingly, this study demonstrates PDT‐stimulated p53 can also re‐educate TAMs, providing a combined strategy of using dual tumor microenvironment remodeling to achieve the synergistic effect in the transition from cold immunosuppressive to hot immunoresponsive tumor microenvironment.
This study presents new insights on CUDC101 in the reprogramming of tumor‐associated macrophages toward antitumor M1 phenotype by CD47 inhibition with a glucose‐contained magnetic resonance imaging‐capable supramolecular rod‐like micelle, and phototriggered p53 by codelivery of IR780 can achieve the synergistic effect in the transition from cold immunosuppressive to hot immunoresponsive tumor microenvironment.
Coadministration of chemotherapeutics as well as therapeutic gene could play a synergistic effect on cancer treatment. It is noteworthy that targeted and sustained codelivery of chemotherapeutic and ...therapeutic gene was rarely achieved in previous reports, while it might serve as an important platform for treating solid tumor with possible surrounding lesions. Herein, an injectable supramolecular hydrogel formed by α‐cyclodextrin (α‐CD) and cationic amphiphilic copolymer made of methoxy‐poly(ethylene glycol)‐b‐poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐b‐poly(ethylene imine) with folic acid targeted group (MPEG‐PCL‐PEI‐FA), is rationally designed to achieve sustained codelivery of chemotherapeutic paclitaxel (PTX) and B‐cell lymphoma‐2 (Bcl‐2) conversion gene Nur77 in the form of nanocomplex up to 7 days, to effectively inhibit the growth of folate receptor overexpressing H460/Bcl‐2 therapeutic‐resistant tumors (induced by overexpression of anti‐apoptotic Bcl‐2 protein), with peritumoral injection rather than direct intratumoral injection of hydrogel. To the best of our knowledge, this is a pioneer report on injectable MPEG‐PCL‐PEI‐FA/α‐CD supramolecular hydrogel with the ability to codeliver and sustainedly release PTX and Nur77 gene to combat Bcl‐2 overexpressed therapeutic‐resistant tumors in a targeted manner, which might be beneficial for further design in personalized medicine.
An injectable supramolecular hydrogel formed by α‐cyclodextrin (α‐CD) and cationic amphiphilic copolymer made of methoxy‐poly(ethylene glycol)‐b‐poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐b‐poly(ethylene imine) with folic acid targeted group (MPEG‐PCL‐PEI‐FA), with the ability of encapsulating and sustainedly releasing chemotherapeutic paclitaxel and Nur77 gene in a targetable manner, is designed to effectively inhibit drug‐resistant tumor growth even with peritumoral injection, indicating potential application in precise tumor therapy.
In recent years, naturally biodegradable polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) monopolymers have become focus of public attentions due to their good biocompatibility. However, due to its poor mechanical ...properties, high production costs, and limited functionality, its applications in materials, energy, and biomedical applications are greatly limited. In recent years, researchers have found that PHA copolymers have better thermal properties, mechanical processability, and physicochemical properties relative to their homopolymers. This review summarizes the synthesis of PHA copolymers by the latest biosynthetic and chemical modification methods. The modified PHA copolymer could greatly reduce the production cost with elevated mechanical or physicochemical properties, which can further meet the practical needs of various fields. This review further summarizes the broad applications of modified PHA copolymers in biomedical applications, which might shred lights on their commercial applications.
In recent years, naturally biodegradable polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) monopolymers have become the focus of public attention due to their good biocompatibility. This review summarizes the synthesis of a range of PHA copolymers by the latest biosynthetic and chemical modification methods. This review further summarizes the broad application of modified PHA copolymers in biomedical applications and highlights its latest applications in biomedical applications. This article is part of an AFOB (Asian Federation of Biotechnology) Special issue. To learn more about the AFOB visit www.afob.org.
The reciprocal mechanical interaction of engineered materials with biointerfaces have long been observed and exploited in biomedical applications. It contributes to the rise of biomechano‐responsive ...materials and biomechano‐stimulatory materials, constituting the biomechano‐interactive interfaces. Here, endogenous and exogenous biomechanical stimuli available for mechanoresponsive interfaces are briefed and their mechanistic responses, including deformation and volume change, mechanomanipulation of physical and chemical bonds, dissociation of assemblies, and coupling with thermoresponsiveness are summarized. The mechanostimulatory materials, however, are capable of delivering mechanical cues, including stiffness, viscoelasticity, geometrical constraints, and mechanical loads, to modulate physiological and pathological behaviors of living tissues through the adaptive cellular mechanotransduction. The biomechano‐interactive materials and interfaces are widely implemented in such fields as mechanotriggered therapeutics and diagnosis, adaptive biophysical sensors, biointegrated soft actuators, and mechanorobust tissue engineering, which have offered unprecedented opportunities for precision and personalized medicine. Pending challenges are also addressed to shed a light on future advances with respect to translational implementations.
Recent advances in biomechano‐interactive interfaces have been employing reciprocal mechanical interactions of engineered materials with biointerfaces, through the versatile and tailorable activation of biomechano‐responsive materials and the mechanical properties (stiffness, viscoelasticity, and geometrical constraints) of biomechano‐stimulatory materials, in a wide range of implementations, including mechano‐triggered therapeutics and diagnosis, adaptive biophysical sensors, bio‐integrated soft actuators, and mechano‐robust tissue engineering.
Rational design of controllable drug release systems is important for tumor treatments due to the nonspecific toxicity of many chemotherapeutics. Herein, laser or light responsive pharmaceutical ...delivery nanoparticles are designed, by taking the advantages of redox responsive selenium (Se) substituted polymer as shell and photosensitive porphyrin zirconium metal–organic frameworks (MOF) as core. In detail, redox cleavable di‐(1‐hydroxylundecyl) selenide (DH‐Se), biocompatible poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), and poly(propylene glycol) (PPG) are randomly polymerized to form poly(DH‐Se/PEG/PPG urethane), which is used to coat the reactive oxygen species' (ROS) producible porous porphyrin zirconium metal organization formulation (PCN‐224 MOF) to form the final poly(DH‐Se/PEG/PPG urethane)@MOF shell–core nanoparticle with spherical shape by emulsion approach. Interestingly, poly(DH‐Se/PEG/PPG urethane)@MOF nanoparticles with loading of chemotherapeutic doxorubicin (DOX) experience a fast and controllable release, which can realize the combination of chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy upon irradiation with laser light, due to the light‐triggered ROS production by MOF which further causes the cleavage of poly(DH‐Se/PEG/PPG urethane) polymer chain and the release of encapsulated DOX. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first design of utilizing MOF and selenium substituted polymer as controllable drug release carriers, which might be beneficial for precise chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy combination.
A novel poly(DH‐Se/PEG/PPG urethane)@MOF shell–core nanoparticle, made of selenium‐containing polymer and metal–organic frameworks (MOF), is designed as an intelligent chemotherapeutic doxorubicin (DOX) carrier, with controllable drug release ability thanks to the light triggered reactive oxygen species production by the MOF, which further causes the cleavage of the selenium substituted poly(DH‐Se/PEG/PPG urethane) polymer chain and the release of encapsulated DOX.
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), with elegant thermal, optical, or chemical properties due to quantum size effects, may serve as unique species for therapeutic or diagnostic applications. It is worth ...mentioning that their small size also results in high surface activity, leading to significantly impaired stability, which greatly hinders their biomedical utilizations. To overcome this problem, various types of macromolecular materials are utilized to anchor AuNPs so as to achieve advanced synergistic effect by dispersing, protecting, and stabilizing the AuNPs in polymeric–Au hybrid self‐assemblies. In this review, the most recent development of polymer–AuNP hybrid systems, including AuNPs@polymeric nanoparticles, AuNPs@polymeric micelle, AuNPs@polymeric film, and AuNPs@polymeric hydrogel are discussed with respect to their different synthetic strategies. These sophisticated materials with diverse functions, oriented toward biomedical applications, are further summarized into several active domains in the areas of drug delivery, gene delivery, photothermal therapy, antibacterials, bioimaging, etc. Finally, the possible approaches for future design of multifunctional polymer–AuNP hybrids by combining hybrid chemistry with biological interface science are proposed.
Macromolecular materials or polymers have been utilized to anchor gold (Au) based nanoscale materials to disperse, protect, or stabilize the nanoparticles and to increase functionaliaties of polymeric‐Au hybrid self‐assemblies. In this review, the recent developments on the synthesis and therapeutic applications of polymer‐gold nanoparticles (polymer‐AuNPs) hybrid systems in the form of nanoparticles, micelles, films, or hydrogels are summarized.
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