Extracellular vesicles (EVs) such as ectosomes and exosomes have gained attention as promising natural carriers for drug delivery. Exosomes, which range from 30 to 100 nm in diameter, possess a lipid ...bilayer and are secreted by various cells. Due to their high biocompatibility, stability, and low immunogenicity, exosomes are favored as cargo carriers. The lipid bilayer membrane of exosomes also offers protection against cargo degradation, making them a desirable candidate for drug delivery. However, loading cargo into exosomes remains to be a challenge. Despite various strategies such as incubation, electroporation, sonication, extrusion, freeze-thaw cycling, and transfection that have been developed to facilitate cargo loading, inadequate efficiency still persists. This review offers an overview of current cargo delivery strategies using exosomes and summarizes recent approaches for loading small-molecule, nucleic acid, and protein drugs into exosomes. With insights from these studies, we provide ideas for more efficient and effective delivery of drug molecules by using exosomes.
Since the effectiveness of triboelectric charged surface being charged is strongly dependent on the surface adsorbed molecules, we show that the triboelectric nanogenerator, made of polyamide 6,6 ...(PA) film or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film, can serve as a self-powered active sensor for detecting water or ethanol in gas or liquid phase. The performance of the active sensors has been understood in reference to the levels of wettability of solid polymer surfaces. This new approach for sensing could be advantageous of simple fabrication, low-cost and easy application.
The triboelectric nanogenerator, made of polyamide 6,6 (PA) film or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film, can serve as a self-powered active sensor for detecting water or ethanol in gas or liquid phase. The performance of the active sensors has been understood in reference to the levels of wettability of solid polymer surfaces. Display omitted
•The TENG is made of polyamide 6,6 (PA) film or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film.•The TENG can serve as a self-powered active sensor for detecting water or ethanol in gas or liquid phase.•The performance of the active sensors has been understood in reference to the levels of wettability of solid polymer surfaces.
Stretchable radio‐frequency electronics are gaining popularity as a result of the increased functionality they gain through their flexible nature, impossible within the confines of rigid and planar ...substrates. One approach to fabricating stretchable antennas is to embed stretchable or flowable conductive materials, such as conductive polymers, conductive polymer composites, and liquid metal alloys as stretchable conduction lines. However, these conductive materials face many challenges, such as low electrical conductivity under mechanical deformation and delamination from substrates. In the present study, a silicone‐based electrically conductive adhesive (silo‐ECA) is developed that have a conductivity of 1.51 × 104 S cm−1 and can maintain conductivity above 1.11 × 103 S cm−1, even at a large stain of 240%. By using the stretchable silo‐ECAs as a conductor pattern and pure silicone elastomers as a base substrate, stretchable antennas can be fabricated by stencil printing or soft‐lithography. The resulting antenna's resonant frequency is tunable over a wide range by mechanical modulation. This fabrication method is low‐cost, can support large‐scale production, has high reliability over a wide temperature range, and eliminates the concerns of leaking or delamination between conductor and substrate experienced in previously reported micro‐fluidic antennas.
Silicone‐based electrically conductive adhesives (silo‐ECAs) with an electrical conductivity of 1.51 × 104 S cm−1 at static state and 1.11 × 103 S cm−1 at a large stain of 240% is developed. By using the stretchable silo‐ECAs as the conductor and pure silicone elastomers as the substrate, stretchable antennas can be fabricated by stencil printing or soft‐lithography.
•Pedogenic MS (χ) flux in loess is a better proxy of EASM precipitation than χ.•Pedogenic χ-flux in loess shows clear eccentricity, obliquity and precession periods.•Precession signal strength in ...loess χ-flux is modulated by eccentricity.
Magnetic susceptibility (χ) of loess-paleosol sequences on the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) has been widely used as a proxy for East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) precipitation variability. Such records typically show strong climate forcing in the ~100 ka orbital eccentricity band, but exhibit weak precessional (~23 ka) forcing relative to that seen in oxygen isotopes from marine sediments. This is puzzling as monsoons should be highly sensitive to precession variations. We assert that this lack of precessional signal is because χ is a concentration, which is strongly affected by the dilution effect of dust sedimentation rate superimposed on rainfall rate. χ-flux on the other hand corrects for dust accumulation rate and bulk density effects to better reveal pedogenic mineral ingrowth rates associated with rainfall. In this study, we compare three 600 ka records of loess pedogenic χ-flux from the CLP with Chinese speleothem δ18O records and a 550 ka loess-paleosol 10Be flux record from Baoji which has also been used as a monsoon precipitation proxy record. Pedogenic χ-flux exhibits clear signals of orbital precession, whereas χ (-concentration) does not.
This paper discusses the Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility (AMS) records during late Neogene to early Quaternary from the Lantian loess section near the southern margin of the Chinese Loess ...Plateau. The AMS results for this site are shown to reflect variations in the direction of the paleomonsoon. The Lantian loess sediments are largely aeolian in origin, but also include a thin layer that exhibits secondary aqueous depositional features. The major ellipsoid axis AMS orientations in the loess samples indicate a pervasive Northwest–Southeast directional component since the late Neogene. Since that time, the W–E component gradually overtakes the N–S component, which may explain the trend toward increased aridity during that time. Finally, a local heavy rainfall event seemingly occurred in the Lantian region about 2.6 Ma, which may have been responsible for the aqueous redeposition of sediments observed in L33 layer in this study.
The argument concerning the exact minimum number of examined lymph nodes (ELNs) has continued for a long time among various regions, and no consensus has been reached for stratified pathological T ...stages for data to date. Data from 4607 pN0 patients with gastric cancer were analyzed. Kaplan‐Meier analysis showed the similar overall survival (OS) outcomes among the 3 groups (ELNs ≤ 15, 16 ≤ ELNs ≤ 29 and ELNs ≥ 30, P = .171). However, the ELNs ≥ 30 group had a better disease‐free survival (DFS) outcome compared with the others (all P < .05). An increased ELN group (ELNs ≥ 30) showed an improved OS only for pT3 patients (hazard ratio HR = 0.397, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.182‐0.866, P = .020), while an improved DFS for pT3 patients (HR = 0.362, 95%CI: 0.152‐0.860, P = .021) and pT4 patients (HR = 0.484, 95%CI: 0.277‐0.844, P = .011) in the multivariate analysis. A well discriminated and calibrated nomogram was constructed to predict the probability of the OS and DFS, with the C‐index for OS and DFS prediction of 0.782 (95%CI: 0.735 to 0.829) and 0.738 (95%CI: 0.685 to 0.791), respectively. This study provides new and useful insights into the impact of ELN count on reducing stage migration and postoperative recurrence of pN0 patients with gastric cancer in 2000‐2017. In conclusion, a larger number of ELNs is suggested for surgeons to prolong the prognosis of pN0 gastric cancer, especially for pT3 patients.
The OS and DFS of the total pN0 patients in different ELNs group. (A) OS, P = .171, (B) DFS, P = .029.
•The propagation of Hermite-Gaussian beams governed by the fractional SE.•In the linear case, HG beams will split into two sub-beams.•In the nonlinear nonlocal case, HG beam follows a zigzag ...trajectory in real space.•Corresponding to momentum space, it executes anharmonic oscillation.
We analytically and numerically investigated the dynamics of the Hermite–Gaussian (HG) beams in linear and nonlocal nonlinear fractional Schrödinger equations (SEs), in both one and two dimensions. In the linear regime, HG beams on the order of n>1 were observed to undergo an initial compression phase before they split into two sub-beams. The sub-beams were saddle-shaped; the separation between them linearly increased with the propagation distance. Due to their nonlinear propagation dynamics, HG beams quite unexpectedly followed a zigzag trajectory in the real space, which corresponds to a modulated anharmonic oscillation in the momentum space. Although the beam was well localized during propagation, it still broadened and may become unstable. In the two-dimensional case, a superposition of HG beams showed a linear evolution similar to that in the one-dimensional case; however, because of orbital angular momentum, the beams in two dimensions exhibited incomplete rotation during propagation. In the nonlinear regime, the superposed HG input beam first evolved in the real space into a filiform structure and then into an annular structure, with periodic inversion and variable rotation.
•Introduced double-ring perfect vectorial vortex beams, expanding beam structures through Fourier transform for enhanced optical applications.•Utilized axicon phase and transformation matrices to ...create adjustable double-ring distributions, overcoming polarization limitations.•Enhanced beam reusability and information capacity, opening new avenues in optical manipulation, microscopy, and laser micromachining.•Pioneered cross phase integration, enabling precise beam distribution control for improved particle capture and optical communication efficiency.
Perfect vector beams with radius independent of topological charges have garnered significant interest owing to their unique capabilities in optical manipulation, microscopy imaging, and laser micro-machining. However, their polarization state is limited to four modes, restricting their information capacity and re-usability. To address this, we introduce double-ring perfect vectorial vortex beams that leverage the axicon phase to theoretically generate double-ring structures through a Fourier transform. By applying a transformation matrix and introducing a cross phase, we can manipulate the beam distribution. This approach is expected to enhance for development of particle capture and optical communications.
In this paper, the effects of varying material widths on the propagation of discrete fires within diverse confined space conditions are investigated experimentally. The width-induced mechanisms ...influencing the flame spread of discrete solid surfaces in distinct confined spaces are comprehensively discussed, encompassing flame characteristics, pyrolysis front dynamics, flame spread rate, and mass loss rate. The findings reveal that the dimensionless flame height and width conform to a negative power relationship at varying restricted distances. Furthermore, a positive correlation between the width of the PMMA in confined spaces and both the flame spread rate and the mass loss rate is established. Notably, when the width is fixed, the confined space plays a dominant role in the propagation of flames. As the restricted distance decreases, the flames become more slender. Additionally, flame height, flame spread rate, and mass loss rate increase with the widening of the material. However, as the restricted distance becomes smaller, the effect of width becomes less pronounced. Under conditions of same restricted distance, an increased width results in a higher radiation factor, thereby enhancing the thermal feedback of the wall to the material, which in turn accelerates the spread rate of discrete flames. Moreover, due to the dominant role of radiant heat feedback provided by the confined walls to the discrete PMMA panels, the proportion of heat transferred by convection in the flames is minimal. Consequently, the influence of the convective coefficient's width variation on flame spread is relatively minor within confined spaces. Ultimately, an energy conservation model under confined spaces was established, which facilitated the analysis of the comprehensive mechanism of flame spread influenced by varying confined spaces and material widths.
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